This MedLibrary.org supplementary page on Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī is provided directly from the open source Wikipedia as a service to our readers. Please see the note below on authorship of this content, as well as the Wikipedia usage guidelines. To search for other content from our encyclopedia supplement, please use the form below:
Related Sponsors
Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Yaḥyā al-Naqqāsh al-Zarqālī (1028–1087), Latinized as Arzachel, was a leading Arab mathematician and the foremost astronomer of his time. He flourished in Toledo in Castile, Al-Andalus (now Spain).
The Arzachel crater on the Moon is named after him.
Contents |
Astronomy
Instruments
Combining theoretical knowledge with technical skill, he excelled at the construction of precision instruments for astronomical use. He constructed a flat astrolabe that was 'universal,' for it could be used at any latitude. This instrument came to be known as the Saphaea in Latin Europe.[1] Al-Zarqali also built a water clock capable of determining the hours of the day and night and indicating the days of the lunar months.
Al-Zarqālī also wrote a treatise on the construction of an instrument (an equatorium) for computing the position of the planets using diagrams of the Ptolemaic model. This work was translated into Spanish in the 13th century by order of King Alfonso X in a section of the Libros del Saber de Astronomia entitled the "Libros de los laminas de los vii planetas."
Theory
Al-Zarqālī corrected Ptolemy's geographical data, specifically the length of the Mediterranean Sea. He was the first to prove conclusively the motion of the aphelion relative to the fixed background of the stars. He measured its rate of motion as 12.04 seconds per year, which is remarkably close to the modern calculation of 11.8 seconds. He also contributed to the famous Tables of Toledo, a compilation of astronomical data of unprecedented accuracy. Al-Zarqālī was famous as well for his own Book of Tables. Many "books of tables" had been compiled, but his almanac (Spanish-Arabic al manakh; "calendar"[2]) contained tables which allowed one to find the days on which the Coptic, Roman, lunar, and Persian months begin, other tables which give the position of planets at any given time, and still others facilitating the prediction of solar and lunar eclipses. He also compiled valuable tables of latitude and longitude. The was the first almanac in the modern sense, in that it was the first to provide entries that directly give "the positions of the celestial bodies and need no further computation". The work provided the true daily positions of the sun, moon and planets for four years from 1088 to 1092, as well as many other related tables.[3]
His work was translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona in the 12th century, and contributed to the rebirth of a mathematically-based astronomy in Christian Europe. It was later adapted as the Tables of Toledo in the 12th century and the Alfonsine tables in the 13th century.[3] Four centuries later, Copernicus mentioned his indebtedness to Al-Zarqālī and quoted him, in the book that gave new meanings to the term 'revolution,' De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium.
In dealing with Ptolemy's complex model for the planet Mercury, in which the center of the deferent moves on a secondary epicycle, al-Zarqālī noted that the path of the center of the primary epicycle is not a circle, as it is for the other planets. Instead it is approximately oval and similar to the shape of a pignon.[4] Some writers have misinterpreted al-Zarqālī's description of an earth-centered oval path for the center of the planet's epicycle as an anticipation of Kepler's sun-centered elliptical paths for the planets.[5]
See also
- Arzachel (crater)
- Arzachel (band)
- Zij
- Islamic astronomy
- Islamic scholars
- List of Arab scientists and scholars
Notes
- ^ M. T. Houtsma and E. van Donzel (1993), E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004082654
- ^ Entry for "almanac" at the Online Etymology Dictionary
- ^ a b Glick, Thomas F.; Steven John Livesey & Faith Wallis (2005), Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, 30, ISBN 0415969301
- ^ Willy Hartner, "The Mercury Horoscope of Marcantonio Michiel of Venice", Vistas in Astronomy, 1 (1955): 84-138, at pp. 118-122.
- ^ Asghar Qadir (1989). Relativity: An Introduction to the Special Theory, p. 5-10. World Scientific. ISBN 9971506122.
Further reading
- E. S. Kennedy. A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables, (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, 46, 2.) Philadelphia, 1956.
- "Zarqālī, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm Ibn Yaḥyā al-Naqqāsh al-". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. (1970-80). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0684101149.
External links
Wikipedia content modification information:
- This page was last modified on 18 August 2008, at 19:09.
Wikipedia Authorship and Review
Wikipedia content provided here is not reviewed directly by MedLibrary.org. Wikipedia content is authored by an open community of volunteers and is not produced by or in any way affiliated with MedLibrary.org.
Wikipedia Usage Guidelines
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article on "Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī".
The URL for this specific entry is:
All Wikipedia text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.