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Animal sacrifice is the ritual killing of an animal as part of a religion. It is practised by many religions as a means of appeasing a god or gods or changing the course of nature. Animal sacrifice has turned up in almost all cultures, from the Hebrews to the Greeks and Romans and from the Aztecs to the Yoruba.

Remnants of ancient rituals of animal sacrifice are apparent in many cultures, for example the Spanish bullfights, or kapparos in Judaism, or ritual prescriptions for slaughtering procedures like shechita or ḏabīḥah. Slaughtering lambs is a common practise in Islam (the meat being typically consumed, not burned).

Contents 1 Ancient world 2 Indo-European cultures 3 Judaism 4 Christianity 5 Islam 6 India 7 Latter Day Saints 8 Other 9 References 10 See also

Ancient world

Animal sacrifices were common throughout the Ancient Near East, as well as some of the Mediterranean islands. For example the Minoan culture of Phaistos on Crete reveals basins for animal sacrifice dating to the period 2000 to 1700 BC.^[1]

Indo-European cultures

Further information: Proto-Indo-European religion and Horse sacrifice

• historical Vedic religion: Ashvamedha
• Ancient Roman religion: Equus October, Tauromachy, Taurobolium
• Ancient Greek religion: Holocaust (sacrifice), Hecatomb
• Celtic paganism
• Germanic paganism: Blót

Judaism

See main article: Korban

Many Jewish sources discuss the deeper meaning behind korbanot. For example, Sefer Hachinuch explains that an individual bringing an animal sacrifice for a sin understands that he personally should have been sacrificed as punishment for the rebellion against God inherent his the sin, but God mercifully accepts the sacrifice in his or her place. Furthermore, it is fitting that an animal is used as a sacrifice because at the moment of sin, the individual in question disregarded his elevated human soul, effectively acting as an animal.

Christianity

Further information: Lamb of God

References to animal sacrifice appear in the New Testament, such as the parents of Jesus sacrificing two doves (Luke 2:24) and the Apostle Paul performing a Nazirite vow even after the death of Christ (Acts 21:23-26).

The Christ is referred to by his apostles as "the Lamb of God," the one to whom all sacrifices pointed (Hebrews 10).

Islam

Wealthy Muslims sacrifice an animal during the Festival of Sacrifice (Eid ul-Adha). This is also the time of (Hajj)(Pilgrimage to Mecca). Usually a sheep or goat (sometimes cattle or even camel) is sacrificed then distributed to the poor, in commemoration of God's forgiveness of Ibrahim (Abraham) from his vow to sacrifice his son Ismael.

India

Although many Hindus are vegetarian, there are some temples in India where goats and chickens are sacrificed. These sacrifices are mainly done at mandirs following the Shakti school of Hinduism where the female nature of Brahman is worshipped in the form of Kali Ma and Durga. Semmunisamy temple in poosariyur village in Erode district of Tamil Nadu is one of the places where this festival takes place every year on the Tamil month of Chithirai.^[2]

Latter Day Saints

Animal sacrifice was instituted in the Book of the Law of the Lord, a scripture accepted by a minor Latter Day Saint faction known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite), founded by James J. Strang in 1844. Strang was a lawyer and newspaper editor from New York who had converted to Mormonism just prior to Joseph Smith's murder, and he claimed to have been appointed by Smith to succeed him as the Church President. Although the majority of Latter Day Saints rejected his claims, Strang managed to gain a sizable following before being murdered in 1856.^[3]

In 1851, Strang announced publication of the Book of the Law of the Lord, purported to be a translation of the "Plates of Laban" that figure prominently in parts of The Book of Mormon. Chapters 7 and 40 dealt with the topic of animal sacrifices.^[4]

Given the prohibition on sacrifices for sin contained in III Nephi 9:19-20,^[5] Strang did not require sin offerings. Rather, he focused on sacrifice as an element of religious celebrations,^[6] especially the commemoration of his own coronation as king (July 8, 1850).^[7] The head of every house, from the king to his lowest subject, was to offer "a heifer, or a lamb, or a dove. Every man a clean beast, or a clean fowl, according to his household."^[8]

The killing of sacrifices was a prerogative of Strangite priests,^[9] but female priests were specifically barred from participating in this aspect of the priestly office.^[10]

"Firstfruits" offerings were also demanded of all Strangite agricultural harvests.^[11] Animal sacrifices are no longer practiced by the Strangites, though belief in their correctness is still required.

Other

In Santeria, such animal offerings constitute an extremely small portion of what are termed "ebos" – ritual activities that include offerings, prayer and deeds. Some villages in Greece also sacrifice animals to Orthodox saints in a practise known as kourbània.

References

1. ^ C.Michael Hogan, Knossos Fieldnotes, The Modern Antiquarian (2007)
2. ^ Times of India, Chennai Edition, 4 May 2008
3. ^ http://www.strangite.org/History.htm.
4. ^ Book of the Law of the Lord: Being a Translation From the Egyptian of the Law Given to Moses in Sinai. (St. James, 1851), pp. 106-09. This article uses the expanded Edition of 1856: http://www.mormonbeliefs.com/book_of_the_law.htm. The 1851 edition is at http://www.strangite.org/Law.htm.
5. ^ Book of Mormon.
6. ^ Book of the Law, pp. 293-97. See also http://www.strangite.org/Offering.htm.
7. ^ Book of the Law, pg. 293.
8. ^ Book of the Law, pp. 293-94.
9. ^ Book of the Law, pg. 199, note 2.
10. ^ Book of the Law, pg. 199.
11. ^ Book of the Law, pp. 295-97.

See also

• Bans on ritual slaughter
• Tzav
• Slaughter offerings
• Animal worship
• Totemism
• Paganism
• Folk religion
• Animals in Buddhism
• Islam and animals
• Animal rights
• Animal welfare
• Human Sacrifice

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