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Army of Brazil

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Brazilian Army
Exército Brasileiro
Coat of arms of the Brazilian Army.svg
Brazilian Army Seal
Active 1822–present
Country  Brazil
Branch Army
Size 235,000 active personnel[1][2]
1,115,000 reserve personnel
Part of Ministry of Defence
Command Headquarters Brasília, DF
Patron Duke of Caxias
Motto Braço Forte, Mão Amiga
(Strong arm, friendly hand)
March Canção do Exército
Anniversaries August 25 (Soldier's Day)
April 19 (Brazilian Army Day)
Equipment 469 Main battle tanks
1,427 armored vehicles
1,028 artillery pieces
184 Self-propelled artillery
11,266 military vehicles
82 helicopters
Engagements War of Independence (1821–1823)
Equator Confederation (1824)
Cisplatine War (1825-1828)
Cabanagem Revolt (1835-1840)
Ragamuffins War (1835-1845)
Balaiada Revolt (1838-1841)
Praieira revolt (1848-1849)
Platine War (1851–1852)
Uruguayan War (1864-1865)
Paraguayan War (1864–1870)
Naval Revolt (1893-1894)
War of Canudos (1893–1897)
Contestado War (1912-1916)
World War I (1917-1918)
Constitutionalist Revolt (1932)
Communist Revolt (1935)
World War II (1942-1945)
Operation Powerpack (1965–1966)
Araguaia guerrilla (1972-1974)
U.N. missions (1956-present: Suez, Angola, East Timor and Haiti)
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief President Dilma Rousseff
Commander Army General Enzo Martins Peri
Notable
commanders		 Duke of Caxias
Eurico Gaspar Dutra
Artur da Costa e Silva

The Brazilian Army is the land arm of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The Brazilian Army has fought in several international conflicts, mostly in South America during the 19th century. In the 20th century it participated on the Allied side in World War I and World War II, as well as in UN peacekeeping missions.
Domestically, besides facing several rebellions throughout these two centuries, supported by key local elites and by big international capital, after has ended the monarchic period in the country, imposed to the rest of society its political views and economic development projects, during the periods (1889-94, 1930-50* and 1964-85) that it ruled the country.

* First Vargas period and Dutra years

Contents

History []

Origins []

Main Articles: 1st French-Portuguese colonial war, 2nd French-Portuguese colonial war, Sugar War, French raids (1710-11), Napoleonic Wars in South America and Possession Conflicts for Banda Oriental

Although the Brazilian Army was created during the process of the independence of Brazil from Portugal, in 1822, with the units of the Portuguese Army in Brazil that have remained loyal to Prince Dom Pedro, its origins can date back to Land Forces used by Portuguese in the colonial wars against French and Dutch, fought in 16th and 17th centuries. During the Independence process, the Army was initially composed of Brazilians, Portuguese and foreign mercenaries. Most of its commanders, were mercenaries and Portuguese officers loyal to Dom Pedro.

Along 1822 and 1823, the Brazilian Army was able to defeat the Portuguese resistance, especially in the North of country and in Cisplatina, having also avoid a fragmentation of the then new Brazilian Empire after its independence war.

19th century []

Main Articles: Brazilian Independence War, Confederation of the Equator, Cisplatine War, War of the Ragamuffins, Cabanagem Rebellion, Balaiada Revolt, Platine War, Uruguayan War, Paraguayan War, Naval Revolts, Federalist Rebellion and War of Canudos
The Battle of Campo Grande during the Paraguayan War, August 16, 1869. Canvas of 1877

After won the Independence War, the Army supported by the National Guard (a paramilitary militia created in 1831 by the big owners of slave and land, known as "Colonels"), destroyed any separatist tendencies of the early years, enforcing central authority of the empire, during the Regency period in the country, repressing across Brazil a host of popular movements for political autonomy and/or against slavery and the colonels' power.

On May 1, 1865, Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina signed the Triple Alliance to defend themselves against aggression from Paraguay, which was ruled by the dictator Francisco López. López troops, after invading Brazilian territory through the state of Mato Grosso and the north of Argentina, were heading for the South of Brazil and North of Uruguay. Many slaves had been incorporated into the Brazilian forces to face the increasingly serious situation. As a result of their solid performance during the conflict, the Armed Forces developed a strong sense against slavery. After 5 years of a terrible warfare (the largest in South American history), the Alliance led by Brazil defeated Lopez.

Between 1893 and 1927, the first Republican Period, the Army had to deal with various movements: some were derived from Navy and Army corps who were unsatisfied with the regime and clamoring for democratic changes, while others had popular origins without conventional political intentions guided by messianic leaders, like in Canudos and Contestado Wars.

20th century []

Main Articles: Contestado War, Brazil in World War I, 1920s Lieutenants Revolts, Liberal Revolt of 1930, Constitutionalist Revolt, Brazil in World War II, Suez UN Peace Mission, Military Dictatorship (1964-85) and Operation Powerpack
German General Otto Fretter-Pico, Commander of the 148th Infantry Division, and General Mario Carloni Surrendering to the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in 1945 during the Battle of Collecchio.
Four Brazilian soldiers in an M8 Greyhound in Montese, Italy, April 1945.

During World War I the Brazilian government sent three small military groups to Europe soon after declaring war upon Central Powers in October 1917. The first two units were from the Army; one consisted of medical staff and the other of a sergeants-officers corps, and both were attached to the French Army in the Western Front in 1918.

From October 1930 to 1945, the Army supported the Getúlio Vargas regime against opposition, defeating the Constitutionalist Revolt in 1932 and two separate coup d'état attempts: by Communists in November, 1935 and by Fascists in May, 1938. The Army also helped to formalize the dictatorship in 1937.

In August 1942, after German and Italian submarines sunk many Brazilian merchant ships, popular mobilization forced the Brazilian government to declare war on Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. In July 1944, after almost two years of public pressure, one expeditionary force, called Força Expedicionária Brasileira (FEB), was sent to Europe to join the Allied forces in the Italian campaign. The FEB was composed of more than 25,000 men and was commanded by Major-General (later Marshal) João Baptista Mascarenhas de Morais.

On night of March 31, 1964, the Brazilian Army, then led by General Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco, seized power through an coup d'état, which began an Military Dictatorship that lasted 21 years. This was the first of a series of coups d'état in South America that replaced democratically elected governments with military regimes. These dictatorships dominated South American until the 1980s. In this period the Brazilian Army employed harsh means to suppress militant dissident groups: changing the law, restricting political rights, after harassing and pursuing dissidents; and militarily, with support of police forces and militias, proceeding with methods of counter-guerrilla and counter-insurgency warfare to defeat the guerrilla movements that tried to combat the regime by force. The urban guerrillas were active in Brazil between 1968 and 1971 while in the rural areas the 2 main movements subdued by the Army were respectively, one in the region where are today the Caparaó National Park (1967) and the other one in the region of Araguaya River (1972–74).

Internationally, in 1965 the Brazilian Army joined forces with US Marines intervening in the Dominican Republic, in Operation Powerpack. Already during the 1970s strengthened interchange and cooperative ties with armies from other South American countries giving and receiving advisement about counter-guerrilla and counter-insurgency methods, as for example in the Operation Condor, a procedural coordination to find, capture and eliminate political dissidents in mainland.

In the mid '70s, despite the dissent annulled (by elimination, detention or exile), the leftist guerrillas defeated and the legal opposition tamed, repression was not reduced. This added to the vices and the wear and tear of years of dictatorial power, plus the effects of the then oil/energy crisis and the Latin American debt one, during the late '70s and early '80s, led to increasing social pressures for democracy, which slowly but steadily forced the army to return to its professional activities.

21st century []

Haitian civilians receive assistance in a camp set up by the Brazilian Army in Port-au-Prince, 2010.
Main Articles: East Timor UN Peace Mission, UN Angola 3rd Verification Mission and UN Haiti Stabilization Mission

Since the late 1950s it has taken part in some United Nations peacekeeping missions as for example: in Suez 1956-67, East Timor 1999-2004, Angola 1995-1997 and Haiti since 2004, being the latest, the most recent outside intervention in that nation, as well as the longest length operation in the history of Brazilian military outside the country.

In the great earthquake that occurred in Haiti on January 12, 2010, eighteen Brazilian soldiers died. The Brazilian Army has now about 1.250 troops in Haiti and will envoy more 900 until March 2010, to help the reconstruction of that country.

The Brazilian Army is trying to renew its equipment and making a redistribution of its barracks in all the Brazilian Regions, prioritizing the Amazon. After the promulgation of Brazilian National Defense Strategy, in December 2008, the Brazilian Government appears to be interested in the Armed Forces modernization.

In 2010, during the Rio de Janeiro Security Crisis, the Brazilian Army sent 800 paratroopers to combat drug trafficking in Rio de Janeiro. Following the invasion, approximately 2,000 Army soldiers were sent to occupy the Complexo do Alemão.

Personnel []

Army soldier jungle warfare.

The Brazilian Army had a recorded personnel strength of 235,000 active personnel in 2012.[2] In addition there were approximately 1,115,000 reserve soldiers.[3] In principle, the Brazilian Constitution designates the 400,000-strong Brazilian military police as a reserve force of the Army, although in practice they remain separate entities.

Conscription []

According to Article 143 of the 1988 constitution, military service is obligatory for men, but conscientious objection is allowed. Women and clergymen are exempt from compulsory military service. At age seventeen, men are required to register for the draft and are expected to serve when they reach age eighteen. About 75 percent of those registering receive deferments. Generally, those from the upper class and upper middle class find ways to defer, and as a result the ranks are made up primarily of lower-class and lower-middle-class recruits. A growing number of recruits are volunteers, accounting for about one-third of the total. Those who serve generally spend one year of regular enlistment at an army garrison near their home. Some are allowed six-month service terms but are expected to complete high school at the same time. These are called "Tiros de Guerra," or "shooting schools," which are for high school boys in medium-sized interior towns, run by army sergeants. The army is the only service with a large number of conscripts; the navy and air force have very few.

The conscript system is primarily a means of providing basic military training to a sizable group of young men who then return to civilian life and are retained on the reserve rolls until age forty-five. The army recognizes that it provides a public service by teaching large numbers of conscripts basic skills that can be valuable to the overall economy when the young men return to civilian life.

Officer Recruitment []

Because the only entry into the regular officer corps is the AMAN, its records provide an accurate picture of the officer corps. In the decades following World War II, cadets from middle-class families increased, while those from upper-class and unskilled lower-class families declined. The total number of applicants also declined as a result of economic development diversification, which gave high school graduates more attractive options than entering the military. Increasingly, AMAN cadets came from among the graduates of the army-supported Military Schools, which sons of military personnel attended tuition free. Many of these students were sons of NCOs whose own origins were not middle class, so a form of intra-institutional, upward mobility existed.

The trend in the 1960s to recruit from civilian sources has abated. The mental, health, and physical aptitude tests excluded large numbers of civilian school graduates: in 1977 of 1,145 civilians attempting the tests, only thirty-four, or 3 percent, were admitted. In 1985 only 174, or 11 percent, of the AMAN's 1,555 cadets were graduates of civilian schools; the rest were from the army's Military School system, the Cadet Preparatory School (Escola Preparatória de Cadetes—EPC), or air force or navy secondary schools. In the early 1990s, AMAN cadets were drawn exclusively from those who had completed the EPC. By the mid-1990s, the AMAN's cadet population was about 3,000.

In the twentieth century, the officer corps has been composed predominantly of men from the Southeast and South of Brazil, where military units and greater educational opportunities have been concentrated. In 1901-02 the Northeast contributed 38 percent of students at the army's preparatory school in Realengo, whereas in 1982 it provided only 13 percent to the preparatory school in Campinas. In the same years, the Southeast supplied 40.4 percent and 77 percent, while the South gave 8.6 percent and 6.3 percent. Although São Paulo, according to Alfred Stepan and other observers, has not been noted for sending its young men into the officer corps, its contribution increased from 4.3 percent of students in 1901-02 to 33.5 percent in 1982. Regional origins of cadets at the AMAN were fairly consistent in the 1964-85 period. By far the largest contingent came from the state and city of Rio de Janeiro.

Although social theorists might be pleased with indications that the army is serving as a vehicle for social mobility, army leaders are concerned. Officers have remarked on the trend toward lower-class recruitment in the Training Center for Reserve Officers (Centro de Preparação de Oficiais da Reserva—CPOR) and the problems associated with such officers. In a 1986 interview, the former minister of army, General Leônidas Pires Gonçalves, observed that he did not want officers who would give only five or ten years to the army; he wanted individuals with a military vocation, who would stay for a full thirty-plus-year career. Many officers have expressed concern that those seeking to use the army to improve their status are not sufficiently dedicated to the institution. Indeed, some officers seek the earliest possible retirement in order to get a second job (second salary) to make ends meet.

Women in the Army []

Women did not participate in Brazil's armed forces until the early 1980s. The Brazilian Army became the first army in South America to accept women into the permanent and career ranks. In 1992, for example, 2,700 women out of 5,000 candidates competed for 136 positions within the Officer's Complementary Corps (Quadro Complementar de Oficiais—QCO).

To begin a career with the army, women must have completed a bachelor's degree in areas such as law, computer science, economics, or accounting. The competition is national in scope, and no applicant may be more than thirty-six years of age. Those accepted into the program study at the army's School of Administration in Salvador, beginning as second lieutenants (reserve). The School of Administration is also open to men. At the end of the one-year course, the graduate is promoted to first lieutenant in the permanent ranks. Generally, the officer is assigned to Brasília.

Organization, formations and structure []

Structure of the Brazilian Army

High Command []

  • Army General Headquarters (Quartel-General do Exército) - Brasília
  • Terrestrial Operations Command (Commando de Operações Terrestres) - Brasília
  • Army General Staff (Estado Maior do Exército) - Brasília

Military Commands []

The Army is structured into seven military commands. Each of the seven military commands is responsible for one or more military regions.

Military Regions []

A Brazilian U.N. peacekeeper walks with Haitian children during a patrol in Cite Soleil.

The Brazilian territory is further divided into twelve military regions. Each military region has jurisdiction over one or more states and is subordinate to a military command.

Main units []

Army Aviation helicopter flies over the Amazon river Purus.
Airmobile infantry training.

Brigades:

  • 1x Parachute Infantry Brigade, with:
    • 3x Parachute Infantry Battalions
    • 1x Parachute Cavalry Troop.
  • 1x special operations Brigade, with:
  • 1x Light Infantry (Air Assault) Brigade, with:
  • 1x Light Infantry Brigade GLO (Peacekeeping Operations/Urban Warfare), with:
    • 3x Light Infantry GLO Battalions
    • 1x Mechanized Cavalry (Wheeled) Battalion.
  • 1x Frontier Infantry (Wetlands Infantry) Brigade, with:
    • 3x Wetlands Infantry Battalions.
  • 2x Armoured Cavalry Brigades, each with:
    • 2x Armored Cavalry
    • 2x Armoured Infantry Battalions
    • 1x Mechanized Cavalry (Wheeled) Troop.
  • 4x Mechanized Cavalry (Wheeled) Brigades, each with:
    • 3x Mechanized Cavalry Battalions
    • 1x Armoured Cavalry Battalion.
  • 5x Jungle Infantry Brigades, each with:
    • 3 - 4 Jungle Infantry Battalions
    • 1x Mechanized or Jungle Cavalry Troop.
  • 10x Motorized Infantry Brigades, in change to Mechanized Infantry Brigades, each with:
    • 3x Mechanised Infantry Battalions
    • 1x Mechanized Cavalry Troop.
  • 4x Divisional Artillery Brigades, each with:
    • 3 - 5 Field and/or Rocket Artillery Battalions (Agrupements, in Brazilian Army).
  • 2x Construction Engineer Brigades.
  • 1x Air Defence Artillery Brigade, with:
    • 5x Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion
  • 1x Army Aviation Command(Brigade), with:
    • 4x Army Aviation Battalions (Anti-tank, reconnaissance, multi-purpoise, transport, utility).

Jungle Warfare Brigades []

Brazilian Army Soldiers the Special Border Platoon, jungle warfare.

The Brazilian Army has five Jungle Infantry Brigades (1st, 2nd, 16th, 17th, and 23rd Jungle Infantry Brigades) and a Jungle Warfare Instruction Centre.

The Jungle Warfare Instruction Centre Centro de Instrução de Guerra na Selva (CIGS), also known as Colonel Jorge Teixeira Centre, is a military organisation based in Manaus, intended to qualify military leaders of small groups, as wilderness warriors, fighters able to accomplish missions, in military nature in the most inhospitable areas of the Brazilian rainforest.

Courses are taught in jungle operations in three distinct categories, and stages of the military and for civilians. Its symbol is the jaguar.

For the better development of the work, Jungle Warfare instruction Center (CIGS) is structured in a Division of Education, a Division of the Doctrine Research and Assessment Division of Students, a Division of Veterinary Medicine, a Division of Administration and Administrative Base.[4]

Although officers from all over Brazil can train at CIGS to be part of the Jungle Divisions, only natives from the forest are accepted as soldiers in those. Because they are adapted to the conditions of the life inside the forest, they are capable of performing a vast array of activities, such as hunting, hiding and moving through the forest with ease. Many strangers and Brazilian militaries that have trained in CIGS have described the impressive abilities shown by the soldiers during operations. Their experience and skills in jungle survival certainly help shaping the Brazilian Jungle Warfare Brigades into the deadliest unit of its kind in the world.

The Brigades also have experience in combat. Engaged in protecting the northern borders of Brazil, the troops are constantly exposed to attacks from drug dealers and criminals of all kinds. The Brazilian Army commonly acts along with other law enforcement organisations in order to fight not only the traffic of drugs, but animals, weapons, people and several types of illegal goods.

Paratroopers Brigade []

The Brigade Parachute Infantry is one of the elite troops of the Brazilian Army. Ready to jump and operate behind enemy lines. Is prepared to act on within 48 hours anywhere in the country, is in the jungle, savanna, marsh and mountain, and remain without logistical support for up to 72 hours. After completion of the mission, handing territory to another conventional unit to maintain the position gained, according to the doctrine of the Brazilian Army training, usually a unit or a brigade of armored infantry will be responsible for replacing the Paratrooper Brigade field after the transfer of the territory to another unit of the Ground Force, the Paratrooper Brigade is thrown back behind enemy lines to make way for the Allied troops[5]

Special Forces []

Brazilian Army Paratroopers during the Independence Day Parade in Brasília, 2003.

The Special Operations Brigade is Brazil's special operations force. Although administratively assigned to the Plateau Military Command, the brigade's operations are under the direct control of the Land Operations Command.[6] Special Forces were initially formed in 1957 as a parachute trained rescue unit, which specialized in conducting deep jungle rescues along the Amazon basin. After conducting its initial selection, a US Army Special Forces Mobile Training Team (MTT) conducted the unit's first training course.[7]

Nowadays, it is specialized in non conventional warfare, performing psychological operations and harassing bigger enemy units, such as Brigades and Divisions. Acting in smalls cells and detachments (usually no more than 20 men), the Special Forces act deep behind enemy lines, and are capable of fighting in extremely unfavorable situations.

It is also capable of performing other types of missions, such as counter-terrorism, strategic scouting, finding and attacking high-value targets and stealing, extracting and evading. Due to the extremely high level of danger of those missions, this unit is composed only by a few number of members, which must have concluded the Comandos and Paraquedista (Commandos and Parachutter). They are highly specialyzed and ready to operate anywhere in the world in less than 45 hours, Because of this, they are recognized as one of the most prestigious units in the Brazilian Army

Mountain Infantry Battalion []

Mountain Infantry Battalion is a unit of the Brazilian Army, which specializes in fighting in the mountain environment, improving and developing special techniques for mountain operations and using weapons and equipment specific to this theater.

The unit goes back to 1888, created in Rio Pardo, in the then province of Rio Grande do Sul. At the time of the Old Republic, he served in the campaign Canudos in the interior of Bahia, has been transferred, the return to Sao Joao del Rei in 1897.

Presidential Guard []

The Presidential Guard Battalion is a unit of the Brazilian Army and honor guard to the President of Brazil. Two other units, the 1st Guards Cavalry Regiment and the Cayenne Battery, are also part of the presidential honor guard. This troop had its origins in the Emperor’s Battalion, organized in 1823 during the peace campaigns that followed the Declaration of Independence and wears its 19th-century uniforms.

Conditions of Service []

Troops during patrols in action law and order.

According to Article 143 of the 1988 constitution, military service is obligatory for men, but conscientious objection is allowed. Women and clergymen are exempt from compulsory military service. At age eighteen, men are required to register for the draft and are expected to serve when they reach age nineteen. About 75 percent of those registering receive deferments.

Generally, those from the upper class and upper middle class find ways to defer, and as a result the ranks are made up primarily of lower-class and lower-middle-class recruits. A growing number of recruits are volunteers, accounting for about one-third of the total. Those who serve generally spend one year of regular enlistment at an army garrison near their home. Some are allowed six-month service terms but are expected to complete high school at the same time. These are called "Tiros de Guerra", or "shooting schools", which are for high school boys in medium-sized interior towns, run by army sergeants. The army is the only service with a large number of conscripts; the navy and air force have very few.

The conscript system is primarily a means of providing basic military training to a sizable group of young men who then return to civilian life and are retained on the reserve rolls until age forty-five. The army recognizes that it provides a public service by teaching large numbers of conscripts basic skills that can be valuable to the overall economy when the young men return to civilian life.

Equipment []

Further information: Modern equipment of the Brazilian Army and Brazilian Army Aviation

An overview of the Army's equipment in 2013;

In addition the Brazilian Army Aviation Command operates 82 helicopters.

Ranks, Uniforms, and Insignia []

The army service uniform is green. The senior commissioned rank (four stars) in the army is general (general de exército ). In time of war, or in exceptional circumstances, a fifth star may be worn by the highest-ranking officer in the army (marechal, or general of the army) navy (almirante, or fleet admiral), and air force (marechal do ar, or general of the air force). Army officers wear rank insignia on shoulder boards and the army has ten officer grades, excluding officer candidates.

Army officer grades from second lieutenant to colonel equate directly with counterparts in the United States Army, but thereafter the systems diverge. A Brazilian brigadier general (general de brigada ) wears two stars, and the next higher rank, known as major general (general de divisão ), wears three; their United States counterparts have only one and two stars, respectively. The next higher rank, designated by four stars, is general (general de exército ). The marshall wears five stars, but that rank is rarely attained on active duty. There is no rank that corresponds to United States lieutenant general.

Brazil's army has strict up-or-out retirement rules, which were developed in the mid-1960s by President Castelo Branco. The internal command structure determines all promotions through the rank of colonel. The president is involved in the promotions to general and chooses one candidate from a list of three names presented to him by the High Command. Once passed over, the colonel must retire. All colonels must retire at age fifty-nine; and all four-star generals must retire at age sixty-six, or after twelve years as general.

Despite the up-or-out system, under President Sarney the army became top-heavy as generals began to occupy many positions that previously had been reserved for colonels. In 1991 there were fifteen four-star, forty three-star, and 110 two-star generals. The figure for four-star generals did not include four who were ministers in the Superior Military Court (Superior Tribunal Militar—STM). Thus, in the mid-1990s the army sought to reduce the number of active-duty generals.

The highest army enlisted rank is subtenente, which is the equivalent of the United States master sergeant and sergeant major ranks.

Gallery []

See also []

Units
Generic

Bibliography []

  • Celso Castro, Vitor Izecksohn and Hendrik Kraay "Nova História Militar Brasileira" (New Brazilian Military History) (Portuguese) Getúlio Vargas Foundation 2004 ISBN 8522504962 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]
  • Christiane Figueiredo Pagano de Mello "Forças Militares no Brasil Colonial" (Military Forces in Colonial Brazil) (Portuguese) E-papers 2009 ISBN 9788576502050 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]
  • Dudley, William Sheldon "Reform and Radicalism in the Brazilian Army, 1870-1889" Columbia University 1972
  • Donato, Hernâni "Dicionário das Batalhas Brasileiras" (Dictionary of Brazilian Battles) (Portuguese) IBRASA 1st edition 1987 ISBN 8534800340 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]
  • Faoro, Raymundo "Os Donos do Poder" (Owners of Power) (Portuguese) Globo 2012 (1st edition 1958) ISBN 9788525052964 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]
  • Fishel, John T. & Sáenz, Andrés "Capacity Building for Peacekeeping; The case of Haiti" NDU Press & Potomac Books 2007 ISBN 9781597971232 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]
  • Gaspari, Elio - An amply documented series containing 4 volumes (divided into 2 parts: "The Armed illusions", Volumes I-II, and "The Priest and Warlock", volumes III-IV), about the army and the last military dictatorship in Brazil:
    • Volume I "A Ditadura Envergonhada" (The Dictatorship Embarrassed) (Portuguese) ISBN 8535902775 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]
    • Volume II "A Ditadura Escancarada" (The Dictatorship Revealed) (Portuguese) ISBN 8535902996 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]
    • Volume III "A Ditadura Derrotada" (The Dictatorship Defeated) (Portuguese) ISBN 853590428X [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK] and
    • Volume IV "A Ditadura Encurralada" (The Dictatorship Trapped) (Portuguese) ISBN 853590509X [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. All books by Companhia das Letras, 2002-2004
  • Guerra, Cláudio "Memórias de uma Guerra Suja" (Memoirs of a Dirty War) (Portuguese) TopBooks 2012 ISBN 8574752045 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]
  • Hooker, Terry "The Paraguayan War: Armies of the Nineteenth Century; The Americas" Foundry 2008
  • Joes, Anthony James "Urban Guerrilla Warfare" University Press of Kentucky 2007 on Google Books
  • Kraay, Hendrik "Race, State and Armmed Forces in Independence-Era Brazil" Stanford University Press 2001 ISBN 0804742480 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]
  • López, Adriana "Franceses e Tupinambás na Terra do Brasil" (French and Indigenous in land of Brazil) (Portuguese) SENAC 2001 ISBN 857359179X [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]
  • McCann, Frank D. "Soldiers of the Patria, A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889-1937" Stanford University Press 2004 ISBN 0804732221 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]
  • Mello, Evaldo Cabral de "Olinda restaurada; Guerra e Açúcar no Nordeste, 1630-1654" (Olinda restored: War and Sugar in Northeast Brazil, 1630-1654) (Portuguese) Editora 34 Ltda 2007 (1st edition 1975)
  • Skidmore, Thomas E.:
    • "Politics in Brazil 1930–1964: An Experiment in Democracy" Oxford University Press 1967
    • "The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil: 1964-85" Oxford University Press 1988
  • Smallman, Shawn C. "Fear & Memory: in the Brazilian Army & Society, 1889-1954" University of North Carolina Press 2002 ISBN 0807853593 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]

References []

  1. ^ http://www.forte.jor.br/2009/07/25/o-tamanho-do-exercito-brasileiro/
  2. ^ a b http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/o-brasil/defesa-e-seguranca-publica/exercito-brasileiro
  3. ^ Os pés de barro de um gigante Revista Época. Retrieved on 2009-02-01. (Portuguese)
  4. ^ Jungle Warfare instruction Center Brazilian Army, accessed on May 8, 2008. (in Portuguese)
  5. ^ http://www.exercito.gov.br/
  6. ^ Land Operations Command Brazilian Army, accessed on May 8, 2008. (in Portuguese)
  7. ^ Special Operations Brigade Brazilian Army, accessed on May 8, 2008. (in Portuguese)

External links []