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| Agnosia Classification and external resources |
|
| ICD-10 | R48.1 |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 784.69 |
| MeSH | D000377 |
Agnosia (a-gnosis, "non-knowledge", or loss of knowledge) is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss.[1][2] It is usually associated with brain injury or neurological illness, particularly after damage to the occipitotemporal border, which is part of the ventral stream.[3]
Contents |
Types
| Name | Description |
| Alexia | Inability to recognize text.[4] |
| Amusia or Receptive amusia | Is agnosia for music. It involves loss of the ability to recognize musical notes, rhythms, and intervals and the inability to experience music as musical. |
| Anosognosia | This is the inability to gain feedback about one's own condition and can be confused with lack of insight but is caused by problems in the feedback mechanisms in the brain. It's caused by neurological damage and can occur in connection with a range of neurological impairments but is most commonly referred to in cases of paralysis following stroke. Those with Anosognosia with multiple impairments may even be aware of some of their impairments but completely unable to perceive others. |
| Apperceptive agnosia | Patients are unable to distinguish visual shapes and so have trouble recognizing, copying, or discriminating between different visual stimuli. Unlike patients suffering from associative agnosia, those with apperceptive agnosia are unable to copy images.[5] |
| Apraxia | Is a form of motor (body) agnosia involving the neurological loss of ability to map out physical actions in order to repeat them in functional activities. It is a form of body-disconnectedness and takes several different forms; Speech-Apraxia in which ability to speak is impaired, Limb-Kinetic Apraxia in which there is a loss of hand or finger dexterity and can extend to the voluntary use of limbs, Ideomotor Apraxia in which the gestures of others can't be easily replicated and can't execute goal-directed movements, Ideational Apraxia in which one can't work out which actions to initiate and struggles to plan and discriminate between potential gestures, Apraxia of Gait in which co-ordination of leg actions is problematic such as kicking a ball, Constructional Apraxia in which a person can't co-ordinate the construction of objects or draw pictures or follow a design, Oculomotor Apraxia in which the ability to control visual tracking is impaired and Buccofacial Apraxia in which skilled use of the lips, mouth and tongue is impaired.citation needed |
| Associative agnosia | Patients can describe visual scenes and classes of objects but still fail to recognize them. They may, for example, know that a fork is something you eat with but may mistake it for a spoon. Patients suffering from associative agnosia are still able to reproduce an image through copying. |
| Auditory agnosia | With Auditory Agnosia there is difficulty distinguishing environmental and non-verbal auditory cues including difficulty distinguishing speech from non-speech sounds even though hearing is usually normal.[6] |
| Autotopagnosia | Is associated with the inability to orient parts of the body, and is often caused by a lesion in the parietal part of the posterior thalmic radiations.[7] |
| Color agnosia | There is a distinction between color perception versus color recognition. |
| Cortical deafness | Refers to people who do not perceive any auditory information but whose hearing is intact. |
| Finger agnosia | Is the inability to distinguish the fingers on the hand. It is present in lesions of the dominant parietal lobe, and is a component of Gerstmann syndrome.[8] |
| Form agnosia | Patients perceive only parts of details, not the whole object.[9] |
| Integrative agnosia | This is where one has the ability to recognize elements of something but yet be unable to integrate these elements together into comprehensible perceptual wholes.[10][11] |
| Mirror agnosia | One of the symptoms of Hemispatial neglect. Patients with Hemispatial neglect were placed so that an object was in their neglected visual field but a mirror reflecting that object was visible in their non-neglected field. Patients could not acknowledge the existence of objects in the neglected field and so attempted to reach into the mirror to grasp the object. [12] |
| Pain agnosia | Also referred to as Analgesia, this is the difficulty perceiving and processing pain; thought to underpin some forms of self injury.[13] |
| Phonagnosia | Is the inability to recognize familiar voices, even though the hearer can understand the words used.[14] |
| Prosopagnosia | Also known as faceblindness and facial agnosia: Patients cannot consciously recognize familiar faces, sometimes even including their own. This is often misperceived as an inability to remember names. |
| Semantic agnosia | Those with this form of agnosia are effectively 'object blind' until they use non-visual sensory systems to recognise the object. For example, feeling, tapping, smelling, rocking or flicking the object, may trigger realisation of its semantics (meaning).[15] |
| Simultanagnosia | Patients can recognize objects or details in their visual field, but only one at a time. They cannot make out the scene they belong to or make out a whole image out of the details. They literally cannot see the forest for the trees.[16] Simultanagnosia is a common symptom of Balint's syndrome. |
| Social emotional agnosia | Sometimes referred to as Expressive Agnosia, this is a form of agnosia in which the person is unable to perceive facial expression, body language and intonation, rendering them unable to non-verbally perceive people's emotions and limiting that aspect of social interaction. |
| Somatosensory agnosia | Or Astereognosiaclarify is connected to tactile sense - that is, touch. Patient finds it difficult to recognize objects by touch based on its texture, size and weight. However, they may be able to describe it verbally or recognize same kind of objects from pictures or draw pictures of them. Thought to be connected to lesions or damage in somatosensory cortex.[6] |
| Tactile agnosia | Impaired ability to recognize or identify objects by touch alone.[17] |
| Time agnosia | Is the loss of comprehension of the succession and duration of events[18]. |
| Topographical agnosia | This is a form of visual agnosia in which a person cannot rely on visual cues to guide them directionally due to the inability to recognise objects. Nevertheless, they may still have an excellent capacity to describe the visual layout of the same place[19] |
| Verbal auditory agnosia | This presents as a form of meaning 'deafness' in which hearing is intact but there is significant difficulty recognising spoken words as semantically meaningful.[20] |
| Visual agnosia | Is associated with lesions of the left occipital lobe and temporal lobes. Many types of visual agnosia involve the inability to recognize objects. |
| Visual verbal agnosia | This is where the difficulty comprehending the meaning of words effects comprehension of the written word. The capacity to read is usually intact but the comprehension of what is read will be impaired.[21] |
Causes
Agnosia can result from strokes, dementia, or other neurological disorders. It may also be trauma-induced by a head injury, brain infection, or hereditary. Some forms of agnosia have been found to be genetic.[22]
Co-morbidity
Agnosias have been identified in people with autism and a range of agnosias can present as symptoms commonly associated with autism [23]
Treatment
For all practical purposes, there is no direct cure. Patients may improve if information is presented in other modalities than the damaged one. In some cases, occupational therapy or speech therapy can improve agnosia, depending on its etiology.
See also
References
- ^ http://brainmind.com/Agnosia.html
- ^ The Dana Foundation
- ^ Kolb & Whishaw: Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 2003
- ^ Welcome to MedLink Neurology
- ^ Types of Agnosias
- ^ a b Glossary of Terms
- ^ Dorlands Medical Dictionary
- ^ Definition: finger agnosia from Online Medical Dictionary
- ^ visual form agnosia
- ^ integrative agnosia - Encyclopedia.com
- ^ Integrative Agnosia
- ^ Mirror agnosia. [Proc Biol Sci. 1997] - PubMed Result
- ^ analgesia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- ^ Phonagnosia: a dissociation between familiar and u...[Cortex. 1988] - PubMed Result
- ^ Category specificity in object agnosia: preservati...[Neuropsychologia. 1999] - PubMed Result
- ^ dorsal simultanagnosia
- ^ tactile agnosia - Encyclopedia.com
- ^ agnosia - definition of agnosia in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia
- ^ Topographical Agnosia
- ^ Verbal Agnosia, Visual : on Medical Dictionary Online
- ^ http://www.medical-conditions.org/?q=Visual%20Verbal%20Agnosia Accessed on 11/18/2007.
- ^ http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:8l6tU6ZOKuUJ:visionlab.harvard.edu/Members/Ken/Ken%2520papers%2520for%2520web%2520page/148CognitiveNDuchaine2007.pdf+genetic+agnosia&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=7&gl=au
- ^ http://www.tsbvi.edu/Education/vmi/autism.htm
External links
- Types and brain areas
- Total Recall: Memory Requires More than the Sum of Its Parts |accessdate=2007-06-05|publisher= Scientific American}}
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- This page was last modified on 2 October 2008, at 12:22.
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