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Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to return the natural environment altered by contaminants to its original condition. Bioremediation may be employed to attack specific soil contaminants, such as degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by bacteria. An example of a more general approach is the cleanup of oil spills by the addition of nitrate and/or sulfate fertilisers to facilitate the decomposition of crude oil by indigenous or exogenous bacteria.
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Overview and applications
Naturally occurring bioremediation and phytoremediation have been used for centuries. For example, desalination of agricultural land by phytoextraction has a long tradition. Bioremediation technology using microorganisms was reportedly invented by George M. Robinson. He was the assistant county petroleum engineer for Santa Maria, California. During the 1960's, he spent his spare time experimenting with dirty jars and various mixes of microbes.
Bioremediation technologies can be generally classified as in situ or ex situ. In situ bioremediation involves treating the contaminated material at the site while ex situ involves the removal of the contaminated material to be treated elsewhere. Some examples of bioremediation technologies are bioventing, landfarming, bioreactor, composting, bioaugmentation, rhizofiltration, and biostimulation.
Not all contaminants, however, are easily treated by bioremediation using microorganisms. For example, heavy metals such as cadmium and lead are not readily absorbed or captured by organisms. The assimilation of metals such as mercury into the food chain may worsen matters. Phytoremediation is useful in these circumstances, because natural plants or transgenic plants are able to bioaccumulate these toxins in their above-ground parts, which are then harvested for removal[1]. The heavy metals in the harvested biomass may be further concentrated by incineration or even recycled for industrial use.
The elimination of a wide range of pollutants and wastes from the environment is an absolute require increasing our understanding of the relative importance of different pathways and regulatory networks to carbon flux in particular environments and for particular compounds and they will certainly accelerate the development of bioremediation technologies and biotransformation processes.[2]
Genetic engineering approaches
The use of genetic engineering to create organisms specifically designed for bioremediation has great potential.[3] The bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans (the most radioresistant organism known) has been modified to consume and digest toluene and ionic mercury from highly radioactive nuclear waste.[4]
Advantages
There are a number of cost/efficiency advantages to bioremediation, which can be employed in areas that are inaccessible without excavation. For example, hydrocarbon spills (specifically, petrol spills) or certain chlorinated solvents may contaminate groundwater, and introducing the appropriate electron acceptor or electron donor amendment, as appropriate, may significantly reduce contaminant concentrations after a lag time allowing for acclimation. This is typically much less expensive than excavation followed by disposal elsewhere, incineration or other ex situ treatment strategies, and reduces or eliminates the need for "pump and treat", a common practice at sites where hydrocarbons have contaminated clean groundwater.
Monitoring bioremediation
The process of bioremediation can be monitored indirectly by measuring the Oxidation Reduction Potential or redox in soil and groundwater, together with pH, temperature, oxygen content, electron acceptor/donor concentrations, and concentration of breakdown products (e.g. carbon dioxide). This table shows the (decreasing) biological breakdown rate as function of the redox potential.
| Process | Reaction | Redox potential (Eh in mV) |
|---|---|---|
| aerobic: | O2 + 4e− + 4H+ → 2H2O | 600 ~ 400 |
| anaerobic: |
|
|
| denitrification | 2NO3− + 10e− + 12H+ → N2 + 6H2O | 500 ~ 200 |
| manganese IV reduction | MnO2 + 2e− + 4H+ → Mn2+ + 2H2O | 400 ~ 200 |
| iron III reduction | Fe(OH)3 + e− + 3H+ → Fe2+ + 3H2O | 300 ~ 100 |
| sulfate reduction | SO42− + 8e− +10 H+ → H2S + 4H2O | 0 ~ −150 |
| fermentation | 2CH2O → CO2 + CH4 | −150 ~ −220 |
This, by itself and at a single site, gives little information about the process of remediation.
- it is necessary to sample enough points on and around the contaminated site to be able to determine contours of equal redox potential. Contouring is usually done using specialised software, e.g. using Kriging interpolation.
- if all the measurements of redox potential show is that electron acceptors have been used up, it's in effect an indicator for total microbial activity. Chemical analysis is also required to determine when the levels of contaminants and their breakdown products have been reduced to below regulatory limits.
See also
- Biodegradation
- Biosurfactant
- Dutch standards
- Folkewall
- Intrinsic bioremediation
- Living wall
- List of environment topics
- Living machines
- Microbial biodegradation
- Mycoremediation
- Phytoremediation
- US Microbics
References
- ^ Meagher, RB (2000). "Phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants". Current Opinion In Plant Biology 3 (2): 153–162. doi:. PMID 10712958.
- ^ Diaz E (editor). (2008). Microbial Biodegradation: Genomics and Molecular Biology, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-17-2.
- ^ Lovley, DR (2003). "Cleaning up with genomics: applying molecular biology to bioremediation". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 1 (1): 35 – 44. doi:. PMID 15040178.
- ^ Brim H, McFarlan SC, Fredrickson JK, Minton KW, Zhai M, Wackett LP, Daly MJ (2000). "Engineering Deinococcus radiodurans for metal remediation in radioactive mixed waste environments". Nature Biotechnology 18 (1): 85 – 90. doi:. PMID 10625398.
External links
- Bioremediation of soils
- Contaminated Land: Applications in Real Environments
- Bioremediation (Toxic Cleanup) News from Genome News Network (GNN)
- Bioremediation Discussion Group (BioGroup)
- Technology Focus on Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents Website hosted by the USEPA Technology Innovation Program
- Phytoremediation Website hosted by the Missouri Botanical Garden
Wikipedia content modification information:
- This page was last modified on 13 August 2008, at 17:43.
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