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In modern chemistry, principles are the constituents of a substance, specifically those that produce a certain quality or effect in the substance, such as a bitter principle, which is any one of the numerous compounds having a bitter taste.

In pre-modern chemistry and alchemy, principles were the five fundamental substances believed to constitute all bodies. Three of these were called active or hypostatical principles: salt; sulfur, or oil; and spirit, or mercury. The salt was supposed to be the foundation of all savors; the sulfur, of odors; and the spirit, or mercury, of colors. The two passive or elementary principles were phlegm (or water), and earth (or caput mortuum).

References

• This article incorporates content from the 1728 Cyclopaedia, a publication in the public domain.
• "Principle". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.
• Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. 1913.

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