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"Black Betty"
Form	work song, marching song, jody call
Original artist	Iron Head
Recorded by	Iron Head, Manfred Mann, Lead Belly, Ram Jam, Ministry, Spiderbait, Throttlerod, Meat Loaf, Soil
Performed by	10,000 Maniacs

"Black Betty" (Roud 11668) is a 20th century African-American work song often credited to Huddie "Lead Belly" Ledbetter as the author, though the earliest recordings are not by him. Some sources claim it is one of Lead Belly's many adaptations of earlier folk material;¹ in this case an 18th century marching cadence about a flint-lock rifle.

Contents 1 Early recordings 2 Post-1939 3 Meaning and Origin 4 In the media 4.1 Movies 4.2 Television 4.3 Advertising 4.4 Games 4.5 Books 5 Sports theme 6 Selected list of recorded versions 7 Fleetwood Mac take-off 8 Misattributions 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links

Early recordings

The song was first recorded in the field by U.S. musicologists John and Alan Lomax in 1933, performed a cappella by the convict James Baker (also known as Iron Head) and a group at Central State Farm, Sugar Land, Texas.²

The Lomaxes were recording for the Library of Congress and later field recordings in 1934, 1936 and 1939 also include versions of "Black Betty". It was recorded commercially in New York in 1939 for the Musicraft label by blues artist Lead Belly, as part of a medley with two other work songs: "Looky Looky Yonder" and "Yellow Woman's Doorbells".³ Lead Belly had a long association with the Lomaxes, and had himself served time in State prison farms.

Post-1939

While Leadbelly's 1941 recording was also performed a cappella, most subsequent versions added a guitar accompaniment. These include folk-style recordings in 1964 by Odetta (as a medley with "Looky Yonder"), Dave "Snaker" Ray,⁴ and Alan Lomax himself.⁵ In 1976 a Cincinnati band, Starstruck, recorded a rock version of the song on the Truckstar label which had little success.

In 1977, the rock band Ram Jam — whose members included Bill Bartlett, formerly of Starstruck and The Lemon Pipers — rerecorded the song with producers Jerry Kasenetz and Jeff Katz under Epic Records. The song became an instant hit with listeners, as it reached number 18 on the singles charts in the United States and the top ten in Australia. At the same time, the lyrics became the cause of a boycott by civil rights groups NAACP and Congress of Racial Equality, who claimed it insulted black women.

1990 Dance remixes of Ram Jam's version made the top twenty of the US dance charts and top thirty in Australia. Other notable artists such as Nick Cave (1986) and Tom Jones (2002) have covered the song.

In 1992 notable remixer Hank Shocklee of The Bomb Squad used a riff from the Ram Jam single as a sample for a remix of Live's "Pain Lies on the Riverside". It was not until 1997 that the remix became commercially available.

Australian band Spiderbait released a version which reached #1 on the ARIA Singles Chart in Australia May 2004 and stayed there for three weeks. This version was later accredited double platinum in Australia and was the third-best-selling single in Australia in 2004.

In 2006 the University of New Hampshire administration controversially banned the playing of Ram Jam's "Black Betty" at UNH Hockey games. UNH Athletic Director Marty Scarano explained the reason for the decision: "UNH is not going to stand for something that insults any segment of society"⁶

Meaning and Origin

The origin and meaning of the lyrics are subject to debate. Some sources claim the song is derived from an 18th century marching cadence about a flint-lock musket with a black painted stock; the "bam-ba-lam" lyric referring to the sound of the gunfire. Soldiers in the field were said to be "hugging Black Betty". In this interpretation, the rifle was superseded by its "child", a rifle with an unpainted walnut stock known as a "Brown Bess".⁷

The earliest meaning of "Black Betty" in the United States (from at least 1827) was a liquor bottle.⁸⁹

Other sources^who? claim the term was a contemporary reference for a prostitute, a prison bullwhip, or the "paddywagon".

David Hackett Fischer, in his book Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (Oxford University Press, 1989), states that "Black Betty" was a common term for a bottle of whiskey in the borderlands of northern England/southern Scotland, and later in the backcountry areas of the eastern United States.

In Lead Belly's version of the song, Black Betty is characterized as a woman with a child:

Woah, Black Betty
bam-ba-lam
Woah, Black Betty
bam-ba-lam

Black Betty had a child
bam-ba-lam
Black Betty had a child
bam-ba-lam

Damn thing gone wild
bam-ba-lam
Damn thing gone wild
bam-ba-lam

In an interview (see The Land Where the Blues Began, 1st Edition, Alan Lomax, Pantheon Books, 1993) conducted by Alan Lomax with a former prisoner of the Texas penal farm named Doc Reese (aka "Big Head"), Reese stated that the term "Black Betty" was used by prisoners to refer to the "Black Maria" — the penitentiary transfer wagon. Below is a song in which the term "Black Betty", used to refer to the wagon, appears in the context of a prison work song.^{citation needed}

Black Betty's in the bottom,
I can hear her roar,
She's bringing some po sucker,
With an achin soul.

She'll bring you here and leave you,
Let your hammer ring,
For a hundred summers,
Let your hammer ring.

(and now we hear the most familiar part of the song)

Black Betty's got a baby,
Let your hammer ring,
Damn thing's gone crazy,
Let your hammer ring,
Dipped its head in gravy,
Let your hammer ring.

^{citation needed}

This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (April 2008)

In this interpretation, Black Betty's baby may be the prisoner himself, who has by his own admission "gone crazy" — as it was "Black Betty" who delivered the prisoners into the prison world ("She's bringing some po' sucker"). In the lyrics above, the phrase "Let your hammer ring" is used repeatedly. In this case, the "hammer" refers to the hoes used by prisoners to break up the ground in the cotton fields.

Many early blues and proto-blues songs follow a theme that the wickedness of man (Adam) is the result of a woman (Eve). A number of early artists sang of how they got mixed up with a woman and ended up in prison as a result; in this context, the personification of the prison wagon as a woman makes sense.

In the media

The inclusion or exclusion of items from this list, or length of this list is disputed. Please discuss this issue on the talk page.

Movies

• The 1967 movie Shanty Tramp. ¹⁰
• The 2001 film Blow.
• The 2002 comedy movie Kung Pow! Enter the Fist.
• The 2003 film Basic.
• Spiderbait's version can be heard in the movies Without a Paddle (2004), Miss Congeniality 2, Guess Who, The Brave One (2007 film), and The Condemned (2007), the trailer for the 2007 film Smokin' Aces
• The 2005 film The Dukes of Hazzard used both versions by Spiderbait (on the trailer) and Ram Jam (in the film itself).
• Appeared in the 2006 film Arthur and the Invisibles.
• In 2007 film release TMNT. This version by the band Big City Rock.
• Appeared in the 2007 film The Brave One.
• Appeared in the 2007 film The Condemned, Spiderbait version.
• The comedy film Super Troopers.

Television

• In the Malcolm in the Middle episode "Reese joins the Army" (2), and once in an episode of Wildboys on MTV
• Ram Jam's version used in the TV show My Name Is Earl episode "Randy's Touchdown".
• In the pilot episode of NBC's television show Friday Night Lights.
• Appeared in BBC sketch show Dry Your Eyes in the form of a cursed motorbike.
• Underbelly, an Australian television drama series, 2008.
• Was used in So You Think You Can Dance by Mark in one of his solo. Season 4.

Advertising

• Was used on a Toyota ad in Australia in 2005 promoting the new Hilux.
• Was used in Nintendo's Mario Pinball Land commercial.
• Was used in commercials for Battlefield: Bad Company

Games

• In the videogames Need for Speed: Underground 2, Tony Hawk's Underground

Books

• Bob Dylan parodied the song in his experimental novel Tarantula (published 1971).

Sports theme

• New Japan professional wrestler Togi Makabe uses the Ram Jam version as his entrance music, as does Ring of Honor professional wrestler Adam Pearce.
• Boston Red Sox pitcher Mike Timlin uses the song when he comes out of the bullpen at home games.
• Texas Rangers' second baseman Ian Kinsler uses this song as his intro music when he comes up to bat.
• During his NHL career, Cam Neely reportedly would listen to this song once before every game as part of a supersitious ritual.
• Chicago White Sox' first baseman-outfielder Darin Erstad uses this song as his intro music when he comes up to bat.
• The New York Yankees commonly play this song during their home games in Yankee Stadium most often during key rallies.
• ABN Amro used the name Black Betty for their main boat which won the Volvo Ocean Race 05/06.
• The Kansas City Chiefs play "Black Betty" before every kick at home games at Arrowhead Stadium at the Truman Sports Complex.
• The New Zealand A1 GP Team use a modified version of "Black Betty" sung as "Black Beauty" as the new theme song for their "Black Beauty" race car
• The Carolina Hurricanes and New York Islanders use the song to pump up the crowd, usually before a big face-off

Selected list of recorded versions

• 1933 James Baker (AKA Iron Head) and group
• 1939 Huddie Ledbetter (AKA Lead Belly), originally on the 78rpm album Negro Sinful Tunes
• 1964 Odetta, Odetta Sings of Many Things album
• 1964 Alan Lomax, Texas Folk Songs album
• 1964 Koerner, Ray & Glover, Lots More Blues, Rags and Hollers album
• 1976 Starstruck
• 1977 Ram Jam, US #18
• 1986 Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, Kicking Against the Pricks album
• 1989 Mekong Delta (band), Toccata 12" Maxi-Single
• 1994 Electric Boys, Freewheelin' album
• 2002 Tom Jones
• 2002 Throttlerod, on the compilation album Sucking The '70s
• 2004 Spiderbait, AUS #1
• 2005 Pumpjack, Triple Platinum album
• 2005 Tony C. and the Truth
• 2006 Meat Loaf, Bat Out Of Hell III single B-side
• 2006 Joe Brown, Down To Earth album
• 2006 Ying Yang Twins' song "Dangerous" contains a sample of the Ram Jam version
• 2007 Big City Rock on the TMNT soundtrack
• 2007 SOiL, on the re-release of the album Throttle Junkies
• 2008 Ministry, on their cover album Cover Up

Fleetwood Mac take-off

On Fleetwood Mac's 2003 album Say You Will, guitarist Lindsey Buckingham reworked the chorus of "Black Betty" for his song "Murrow Turning Over In His Grave," a scathing attack on the contemporary news media. For the "Black Betty had a child" line, Buckingham substituted the name of respected 20th Century reporter Ed Murrow.

Misattributions

Sometimes this song (particularly the Ram Jam version) is misattributed to other '70s rock acts: Golden Earring, ZZ Top, Nazareth, Bad Company or Lynyrd Skynyrd; but none of these bands have ever recorded a version of this song.

On his 1964 album Ballads, Blues and Boasters, Harry Belafonte recorded a song called "Black Betty (You're A Mean Old Gal)", but this is a completely different song.¹¹

See also

• Brown Bess - the rifle that superseded Black Betty
• Roud Folk Song Index

References

Bibliography

• Collins, Lewis. Historical Sketches of Kentucky. Cincinnati: James & Co. (1848).
• Thornton, Richard H. (ed.). An American Glossary. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company (1912).

External links

Black Betty at Allmusic

• SecondHandSongs: List of cover versions

Preceded by "My Band" by D12

ARIA (Australia) number one single (Spiderbait version) May 23, 2004 - June 6, 2004

Succeeded by "F.U.R.B. (Fuck You Right Back)" by Frankee

Wikipedia content modification information:

• This page was last modified on 18 November 2008, at 01:00.

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