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MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (also CSAIL) is a research laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology formed by the 2003 merger of the Laboratory for Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Housed within the Stata Center, CSAIL is the largest on-campus laboratory as measured by research scope and membership.

Contents 1 Research activities 2 History 2.1 Directors of the AI Lab 3 Notable researchers 4 Further reading 5 References 6 See also 7 External links

Research activities

CSAIL's research activities are organized around a number of semi-autonomous research groups, each of which is headed by one or more professors or research scientists. These groups are divided up into seven general areas of research:

• Artificial Intelligence
• Computational biology
• Graphics and Vision
• Language and Learning
• Theory of computation
• Robotics
• Systems (includes computer architecture, databases, distributed systems, networks and networked systems, operating systems, programming methodology, and software engineering among others)

In addition, CSAIL hosts the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

History

Computing research at MIT began with Vannevar Bush's research into a differential analyzer and Claude Shannon's electronic Boolean algebra in the 1930s, the wartime Radiation Laboratory, the post-war Project Whirlwind and Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE), and Lincoln Laboratory's SAGE in the early 1950s.

Research at MIT in the field of artificial intelligence began in 1959.^{citation needed}

On July 1, 1963, Project MAC (the Project on Mathematics and Computation, later backronymed to Multiple Access Computer, Machine Aided Cognitions, or Man and Computer) was launched with a $2 million grant from DARPA and headed by Robert Fano of RLE. Fano made the decision to designate MAC as a "project" rather than a "laboratory" since it placed fewer restrictions on recruiting researchers from other MIT departments.^{citation needed}

An "AI Group" including Marvin Minsky (the director), John McCarthy (who invented Lisp) and a talented community of computer programmers was incorporated into the newly-formed Project MAC. It was interested principally in the problems of vision, mechanical motion and manipulation, and language, which they view as the keys to more intelligent machines. In the 1950s - 1970s the AI Group shared a computer room with a computer (initially a PDP-6, and later a PDP-10) for which they built a time-sharing operating system called ITS.^{citation needed}

The early Project MAC community included Fano, Fernando J. Corbató, Marvin Minsky, J.C.R. Licklider, and a community of computer programmers and enthusiasts among others who drew their inspiration from former colleague John McCarthy. These founders envisioned the creation of a computer utility whose computational power would be as reliable as an electric utility. To this end, Corbató brought the first computer time-sharing system, CTSS, with him from the MIT Computation Center, using the DARPA funding to purchase an IBM 7094 for research use. One of the early focuses of Project MAC would be the development of a successor to CTSS, Multics, which was to be the first high availability computer system, developed as a part of an industry consortium including General Electric and Bell Laboratories.

Project MAC's contemporaries included Project Genie at Berkeley, the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and (somewhat later) USC's Information Sciences Institute.

In 1966, Scientific American featured Project MAC in the September thematic issue devoted computer science, which was later published in book form. At the time, the system was described as having approximately 100 TTY terminals, mostly on campus but with a few in private homes. Only 30 users could be logged in at the same time. Talented programmers such as Richard Stallman, who used TECO to write EMACS, flourished in the AI Lab in the 1970s.

In the late 1960s, the artificial intelligence group sought more space, but Licklider, the project director, resisted.^{citation needed} In 1970, Minsky split his group into a separate entity called the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, that would be entitled to its own space separate from Project MAC. The AI Lab became one of the most influential and accomplished in the fields of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics.

Those researchers who did not join the smaller AI Lab formed the Laboratory for Computer Science and continue their research into operating systems, programming languages, distributed systems, and the theory of computation. Two professors, Hal Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman, chose to remain neutral – their group was referred to variously as Switzerland and Project MAC for the next 30 years.^{citation needed}

On the fortieth anniversary of Project MAC's establishment, July 1, 2003, LCS re-merged with the AI Lab to form the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, or CSAIL. This merger created the largest laboratory (over 600 personnel) on the MIT campus and was regarded as a reuniting of the diversified elements of Project MAC.

Directors of the AI Lab

• Marvin Minsky, 1970-1972
• Patrick Winston, 1972-1997
• Rodney Brooks, 1997-2003

Notable researchers

(Including members and alumni of CSAIL's predecessor labs.)

• MacArthur Fellows Tim Berners-Lee, Erik Demaine, Daniela L. Rus, Peter Shor and Richard Stallman
• Turing Award recipients Leonard M. Adleman, Fernando J. Corbato, Butler W. Lampson, John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Ronald L. Rivest, and Adi Shamir
• Rolf Nevanlinna Prize recipients Madhu Sudan, Peter Shor
• Gödel Prize Recipients Shafi Goldwasser (two-time recipient), Silvio Micali, Charles Rackoff, Johan Håstad, Peter Shor, and Madhu Sudan
• Grace Murray Hopper Award recipients Robert Metcalfe, Shafi Goldwasser, Guy L. Steele, and W. Daniel Hillis
• Textbook authors Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman, Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Patrick Winston, Ronald L. Rivest and Clifford Stein
• David D. Clark, former chief protocol architect for the Internet, and co-author with Jerome H. Saltzer (also a CSAIL member) and David P. Reed of the influential paper "End-to-End Arguments in Systems Design" (see End-to-end principle)
• Seymour Papert, inventor of the Logo programming language
• Joseph Weizenbaum, creator of the ELIZA computer-simulated therapist
• Bob Frankston, developer (with Harvard MBA Dan Bricklin) of VisiCalc, the first computer spreadsheet

Further reading

• CSAIL's official Web page
• "A Marriage of Convenience: The Founding of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory", Chious et al. - includes important information on the Incompatible Timesharing System
• Documentary film with and about Joseph Weizenbaum ( "Weizenbaum. Rebel at Work." )
• Garfinkel, Simson; Hal Abelson, ed. (1999). Architects of the Information Society: Thirty-Five Years of the Laboratory for Computer Science at MIT, MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-07196-7. 

References

See also

• Project MAC for more details of the split
• Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
• History of operating systems

External links

• The webpage for the successor of the AI Lab, CSAIL.
• Oral history interview with Robert M. Fano. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
• Oral history interview with Lawrence G. Roberts. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
• Oral history interview with J. C. R. Licklider. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
• Oral history interview with Marvin L. Minsky. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
• Oral history interview with Terry Allen Winograd. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
• Oral history interview with Wesley Clark. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
• "A Marriage of Convenience: The Founding of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory", Chious et al. - includes important information on the Incompatible Timesharing System.

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