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A carbon-oxygen bond is a covalent bond between carbon and oxygen and one of the most abundant in organic chemistry and biochemistry.[1] Oxygen has 6 valence electrons and prefers to share two electrons in bonding with carbon, leaving the remaining 4 nonbonding electrons in 2 lone pairs. The simplest representatives can be thought of organic derivatives of water: the alcohols.
A C-O bond is strongly polarized towards oxygen (electronegativity C vs O = 2.55:3.44) and many alcohols are water soluble. Bond lengths for paraffinic C-O bonds are in the range of 143 picometer shorter than that of C-N or C-C bonds. Shortened single bonds are found with carboxylic acids (136 pm) due to partial double bond character and elongated bonds are found in epoxides (147 pm).[2] The C-O bond strength is also larger compared to C-N or C-C. For example, bond strengths are 91 kcal/mol (at 298 K) in methanol, 87 kcal/mol in methylamine, and 88 kcal/mol in ethane.
Carbon and oxygen form terminal double bonds in functional groups collectively known as carbonyl compounds to which belong such compounds as ketones, esters, carboxylic acids and many more. Internal C=O bonds are found in positively charged oxonium ions, but occur mainly as reactive intermediates. In furans, the oxygen atom contributes to pi-electron delocalization via its filled p-orbital and hence furans are aromatic. Bond lengths of C=O bonds are around 123 pm in carbonyl compounds. The C=O bonds in acyl halides have partial triple bond character and subsequently very short: 117 pm. Compounds with formal C-O triple bonds do not exist. C-O triple bonds also have very high bond energy, even higher than N-N triple bonds.[3]
Contents |
Chemistry
Important carbon-oxygen bond forming reactions are the Williamson ether synthesis, nucleophilic acyl substitutions and electrophilic addition to alkenes. The Paterno-Buchi reaction is the carbonyl equivalent of a metathesis reaction.
Oxygen functional groups
Carbon-oxygen bonds are present in these functional groups:
| Chemical class | Bond order | Formula | Structural Formula | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohols | 1 | R3C-OH | -skeletal.png) |
 Ethanol |
| Ethers | 1 | R3C-O-CR3 | .png) |
 Diethyl ether |
| Peroxides | 1 | R3C-O-O-CR3 |  |
 Di-tert-butyl peroxide |
| Esters | 1 | R3C-CO-O-CR3 |  |
 Ethyl acrylate |
| Carbonate esters | 1 | R3C-O-CO-O-CR3 |  |
 Ethylene carbonate |
| Ketones | 2 | R3C-CO-CR3 |  |
 Acetone |
| Aldehydes | 2 | R3C-CHO |  |
 Acrolein |
| Furans | 1.5 |  |
 Furfural |
|
| Pyrylium salts | 1.5 |  |
 Anthocyanins |
See also
- The chemistry of carbon bonded to other elements in the periodic table:
| CH | He | |||||||||||||||||
| CLi | CBe | CB | CC | CN | CO | CF | Ne | |||||||||||
| CNa | CMg | CAl | CSi | CP | CS | CCl | Ar | |||||||||||
| CK | CCa | CSc | CTi | CV | CCr | CMn | CFe | CCo | CNi | CCu | CZn | CGa | CGe | CAs | CSe | CBr | Kr | |
| CRb | CSr | CY | CZr | CNb | CMo | CTc | CRu | CRh | CPd | CAg | CCd | CIn | CSn | CSb | CTe | CI | Xe | |
| CCs | CBa | CHf | CTa | CW | CRe | COs | CIr | CPt | CAu | CHg | CTl | CPb | CBi | CPo | CAt | Rn | ||
| Fr | Ra | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Uub | Uut | Uuq | Uup | Uuh | Uus | Uuo | ||
| ↓ | ||||||||||||||||||
| La | CCe | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | ||||
| Ac | Th | Pa | CU | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | ||||
| Core organic chemistry | many uses in chemistry. |
| Academic research, but no widespread use | Bond unknown / not assessed. |
References
- ^ Organic Chemistry John McMurry 2nd Ed.
- ^ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 65Th Ed.
- ^ Standard Bond Energies, Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University
Wikipedia content modification information:
- This page was last modified on 29 May 2008, at 17:33.
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