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Chenopodioideae

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Chenopodioideae
Good King Henry (Chenopodium bonus-henricus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Amaranthaceae
Subfamily: Chenopodioideae
Genera

about 25 genera, see text.
Grayia spinosa, Archiatriplex-Clade
Atriplex halimus, Atriplex-Clade
Krascheninnikovia lanata, tribe Axyrideae
Rhagodia spinescens

The Chenopodioideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Amaranthaceae. Food species include several Chenopodium species (Quinoa, Kañiwa, Fat Hen, Good King Henry, and Epazote), Orache (Atriplex spp.), and Spinach (Spinacia oleracea).

Contents

Description []

The Chenopodioideae are annual or perennial herbs, subshrubs, shrub or little trees. The leaves are usually alternate and flat.

The flowers are often unisexual. Many species are monoecious or have mixed inflorescences of bisexual and unisexual flowers. Some species are dioecious, like Spinacia, Rhagodia, Grayia, Exomis, and Atriplex. In tribe Atripliceae, the female flowers are without perianth, but enclosed by two bracts. The species with a perianth have up to five tepals. The seed is horizontal or vertical, with annular or horseshoe-shaped embryo.

Distribution []

The subfamily Chenopodioideae is distributed worldwide, rooting from Eurasia.

Systematics []

The genera of this subfamily were formerly classified in family Chenopodiaceae.

The subfamily is grouped in 4 tribes and includes about 25 genera.

  • Tribus Atripliceae C. A. Mey.
    • Archiatriplex-Clade: This group of species-poor genera with disjunct distribution is regarded as a remnant of an early lineage, that once has been more widely distributed and species-rich:
      • Archiatriplex G.L.Chu, with only one species:
        • Archiatriplex nanpinensis G.L.Chu: endemitic in the Chinese province Sichuan.[1]
      • Exomis Fenzl ex Moq., with only one species:
        • Exomis microphylla (Thunb.) Aellen: a subshrub in southern and western Africa growing in gardens and hedges.
      • Extriplex E.H.Zacharias, with 2 species in western North America:
      • Grayia Hook. & Arn. (Syn. Zuckia Standl.), with 4 shrubby species in western North America:
        • Grayia arizonica (Standl.) E.H.Zacharias[2]
        • Grayia brandegeei A. Gray[2]
        • Grayia plummeri (Stutz & S.C.Sand.) E.H.Zacharias[2]
        • Grayia spinosa (Hook.) Moq.[2]
      • Holmbergia Hicken, with only one species:
        • Holmbergia tweedii (Moq.) Speg., a shrub in Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentinia.
      • Manochlamys Aellen, with only one species:
        • Manochlamys albicans Aellen: a subshrub in southern Africa, Namibia and Cape province, growing on rocky an sandy slopes, sand dunes and road sides.
      • Microgynoecium Hook.f., with only one species:
        • Microgynoecium tibeticum Hook.f.: in Tibet and Sikkim, growing in alpine meadows and on disturbed sites.
      • Proatriplex (W.A.Weber) Stutz & G.L.Chu, with only one species:
        • Proatriplex pleiantha (W.A.Weber) Stutz & G.L.Chu, an annual herb from western North America.
      • Stutzia E.H.Zacharias (Syn. Endolepis Torr.), with 2 annual species in western North America:
        • Stutzia covillei (Standl.) E.H.Zacharias (Syn.: Endolepis covillei Standl)[2]
        • Stutzia dioica (Nutt.) E.H.Zacharias (Syn.: Kochia dioica Nutt, Endolepis suckleyi Torr, Endolepis ovata Rydb.)[2]
    • Atriplex-Clade: with the majority of the species in 2 genera:
      • Atriplex L. (Syn.: Blackiella, Cremnophyton, Haloxanthium, Neopreissia, Obione, Pachypharynx, Senniella, Theleophyton), with about 300 species worldwide
      • Halimione Aellen, with 3 species in Europe and Western Asia:
        • Halimione pedunculata (L.) Aellen (Syn.: Atriplex pedunculata L.)
        • Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aellen (Syn.: Atriplex portulacoides L.)
        • Halimione verrucifera (M.Bieb.) Aellen (Syn.: Atriplex verrucifera M.Bieb.)
  • Tribus Axyrideae (Heklau) G. Kadereit & A. Sukhor., with dendritic trichomes
    • Axyris L., with about 6 species Central Asia, Himalaya and western China.
    • Ceratocarpus L., with 2 species in Europe and West Asia
    • Krascheninnikovia Gueldenst., with 8 species in Eurasia and North America
  • Tribus Chenopodieae:
    • Baolia H.W.Kung & G.L.Chu, with only one species:
      • Baolia bracteata H.W.Kung & G.L.Chu, endemitic in the Chinese province Gansu.[3]
    • Chenopodium L., Syn.: Ambrina Spach, incl. Einadia Raf. and Rhagodia R.Br.[4]): with about 100 species worldwide. The genus is not monophyletic according to Kadereit et al. (2010) and Fuentes-Bazan et al. (2011), so taxonomic changes are to be expected.
    • Micromonolepis Ulbr., with only one species:
      • Micromonolepis pusilla (Torr. ex S. Watson) Ulbr., in western North America
  • Tribus Dysphanieae:
    • Cycloloma Moq. (Syn.: Cyclolepis Moquin-Tandon) with only one species:
      • Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Sprengel) J.M.Coulter: widespread in Canada, USA and northern Mexico[5]
    • Dysphania R.Br. (inclusive Teloxys Moq.), with about 43 species worldwide, for example:
    • Suckleya A.Gray, with only one species:
      • Suckleya suckleyana (Torr.) Rydb., a succulent annual from western North America.
  • Tribus Spinacieae:[4]
    • Monolepis Schrad., with 5 species in northern Siberia, western North America and South America
    • Scleroblitum Ulbr., with only one species:
      • Scleroblitum atriplicinum (F.Muell.) Ulbr., in Australia
    • Spinacia L., Syn.: Sevada Moq., Spinacea Schur, orth. var.), with 3 species in Western Asia and North Africa:
    • and some species until now included in Chenopodium, for example:

References []

  • Gudrun Kadereit, Evgeny V. Mavrodiev, Elizabeth H. Zacharias & Alexander P. Sukhorukov: Molecular phylogeny of Atripliceae (Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae) (2010): Implications for systematics, biogeography, flower and fruit evolution, and the origin of C4 Photosynthesis. - In: American Journal of Botany 97(10): p. 1664-1687. pdf-file (chapters description, distribution and systematics)
  1. ^ Gelin Zhu, Sergei L. Mosyakin & Steven E. Clemants (2003): Archiatriplex - Online, In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Hrsg.): Flora of China, Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae, Science Press und Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing und St. Louis, ISBN 1-930723-27-X [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. p. 360
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Elizabeth H. Zacharias, Bruce G. Baldwin (2010): A Molecular Phylogeny of North American Atripliceae (Chenopodiaceae), with Implications for Floral and Photosynthetic Pathway Evolution. In: Systematic Botany 35(4), p.839-857. doi:10.1600/036364410X539907
  3. ^ Gelin Zhu, Sergei L. Mosyakin & Steven E. Clemants (2003): Baolia - Online, In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Hrsg.): Flora of China, Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae, Science Press und Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing und St. Louis, ISBN 1-930723-27-X [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]. p. 375
  4. ^ a b Susy Fuentes-Bazan, Guilhem Mansion, Thomas Borsch: Towards a species level tree of the globally diverse genus Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae). In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, online 22 October 2011, ISSN 1055-7903, [1].
  5. ^ Sergei L. Mosyakin (2003): Cycloloma - Online, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1., Oxford University Press, New York, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK], p.264-265