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Designer drug is a term used to describe psychoactive drugs which are created (or marketed, if they had already existed) to get around existing drug laws, usually by modifying the molecular structures of existing drugs to varying degrees,[1] or less commonly by finding drugs with entirely different chemical structures that produce similar subjective effects to illegal recreational drugs.
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History
The main term originated with law enforcement, but has gained widespread use. The term was originally coined in the 1980s to refer to various heroin-like synthetic substances, mostly based on the fentanyl molecule (such as α-methylfentanyl). The term gained widespread popularity when MDMA (ecstasy) experienced a popularity boom in the mid 1980s. In the United States, the Controlled Substances Act was amended by the Controlled Substance Analogue Enforcement of 1986, which attempted to ban designer drugs pre-emptively by making it illegal to manufacture, sell, or possess chemicals that were substantially similar in chemistry and pharmacology to Schedule I or Schedule II drugs. Other countries have dealt with the issue differently. In some, they simply ban new drugs as they become a concern, as do Germany, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Some countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, have gone the opposite direction and enacted sweeping bans based on chemical structure only, making chemicals illegal even before they are created—if a theoretical chemical fits a set of rules regarding substitutions and alterations of an already banned drug, it too is banned. The controlled substance analogue law under both Australian Federal law and that of some individual states such as New South Wales, is so broad that it would cover millions of compounds that have never been made, simply on the basis that they bear a vague resemblance to one of the drugs on the illegal list. However it would still not cover drugs which have no structural similarity to any controlled drug, even if they produced similar effects.[2][3]
When the term was coined in the 1980s, a wide range of narcotics were being sold as heroin on the black market. Many were based on fentanyl or meperidine. One, MPPP, was found in some cases to contain an impurity called MPTP, which caused brain damage that could result in a syndrome identical to full-blown Parkinson's disease, from only a single dose.[4] Other problems were highly potent fentanyl analogues, which were sold as China White, that caused many accidental overdoses. Because the government was powerless to prosecute people for these drugs until after they had been marketed successfully, laws were passed to give the DEA power to emergency schedule chemicals for a year, with an optional 6-month extension, while gathering evidence to justify permanent scheduling, as well as the analogue laws mentioned previously.
Emergency-scheduling power was used for the first time for MDMA. In this case, the DEA scheduled MDMA as a Schedule I drug and retained this classification after review, even though their own judge ruled that MDMA should be classified Schedule III on the basis of its demonstrated uses in medicine.[5] The emergency scheduling power has subsequently been used for a variety of other drugs including 2C-B, AMT, and BZP. In 2004, a piperazine drug, TFMPP, became the first drug that had been emergency-scheduled to be denied permanent scheduling and revert to legal status.
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, there was a huge explosion in designer drugs being sold over the internet. The term and concept of "research chemicals" was coined by some marketers of designer drugs (particularly of psychedelic drugs in the tryptamine and phenethylamine family). The idea was that by selling the chemicals as for research rather than human consumption, the intent clause of the U.S. analogue drug laws would be avoided. This was later shown to be faulty logic when the DEA raided multiple suppliers, first JLF Primary Materials, and then multiple vendors several years later in Operation Web Tryp. This process was accelerated greatly when vendors began advertising via search engines like Google by linking their sites to searches on key words such as chemical names and terms like psychedelic or hallucinogen. Widespread discussion of consumptive use and the sources for the chemicals in public forums also drew the attention of the media and authorities.
Many substances that were sold as "research chemicals" in this period of time are hallucinogens and bear a chemical resemblance to well-known drugs, such as psilocybin and mescaline. As with other hallucinogens, these substances are often taken for the purposes of facilitating spiritual processes (see entheogen), mental reflection (see psychedelic) or recreation. Some research chemicals on the market were not psychoactive, but can be used as precursors in the synthesis of other potentially psychoactive substances, for example, 2C-H which could be used to make 2C-B and 2C-I among others. Extensive surveys of structural variations have been conducted by pharmaceutical corporations, universities and independent researchers over the last century, from which some of the presently available research chemicals derive. One particularly notable researcher is Dr. Alexander Shulgin, who presented syntheses and pharmacological explorations of hundreds of substances in the books TiHKAL and PiHKAL (co-authored with Ann Shulgin), and has served as an expert witness for the defense in several court cases against manufacturers of psychoactive drugs.
Most chemical suppliers sold research chemicals in bulk form as powder, not as pills, as selling in pill form would invalidate the claims that they were being sold for non-consumptive research. Active dosages vary widely from substance to substance, ranging from sub-microgram levels to hundreds of milligrams, but while it is critical for the end user to weigh doses with a precision scale, instead of guessing ("eyeballing"), many users did not do this and this led to many emergency room visits and several deaths, which were a prominent factor leading to the emergency scheduling of several substances and eventually Operation Web Tryp. When a chemical increases in popularity, it will often be sold in pill form to reach a wider market. Some of the most popular chemicals are also given street names (like "Foxy" or "Foxy Methoxy" for 5-Meo-DiPT). Once a chemical reaches this kind of popularity, it is usually just a matter of time before it is added to the list of scheduled (i.e. illegal) drugs.
While most designer drugs to date have been either opioids, hallucinogens or anabolic steroids, the range of possible compounds is limited only by the scientific literature, and recently designer drug stimulants such as MDPV and desoxypipradrol, and designer sedatives such as methylmethaqualone have also appeared on the market. Most recently of all, designer analogues of sildenafil (Viagra) have been reported as active compounds in supposedly "herbal" aphrodisiac products.[6][7]
Safety and law
Little if any research has been done on the toxicology or pharmacology of most of these drugs. Few, if any, human or animal studies have been done. Unlike better-known drugs like alcohol or marijuana, which have been used by millions of people worldwide, research chemicals are new and may only have been used by a few dozen people for a few months although some of the more popular drugs such as 2C-B and BZP have been used by tens of thousands of people. The safety of research chemicals is untested and due to the recent development of many of them, laws banning or restricting their use have not been developed yet. However, many of the chemicals fall under the various drug analogue legislations in different countries.
In 2004, the US Drug Enforcement Administration raided and shut down several internet based research chemical vendors in an operation called Web Tryp. With help from the authorities in India and China, two chemical manufacturers were also closed. Many other internet based vendors promptly stopped doing business, even though their products are still not scheduled.
Common designer drugs
Most research chemicals are structural analogues of tryptamines or phenethylamines, but there are also completely unrelated chemicals which are normally considered to be part of the group. It is very difficult to determine psychoactivity or other pharmaceutical properties of these compounds based strictly upon structural examination. Many of the substances have common effects whilst structurally different and vice versa (see also SAR paradox). As a result of no real official naming for some of these compounds, as well as regional naming, this can all lead to (and is anecdotally known to have led to) potentially hazardous mix ups for users. One such example is bk-MDMA known primarily as "methylone" which is also legally the trademark name[8] of methylprednisolone.
- Some of the early narcotic designer drugs:
- α-methylfentanyl, became well known as "China White" on the heroin market
- parafluorofentanyl
- 3-methylfentanyl
- MPPP, especially famous due to an impurity in some batches called MPTP which caused permanent parkinsonism[9][10] with a single usecitation needed
- Some prominent tryptamine-based substances:
- 4-Acetoxy-DiPT, N,N-diisopropyl-4-acetoxytryptamine
- 5-MeO-AMT, 5-methoxy-alpha-methyltryptamine
- 5-MeO-DIPT, 5-methoxy-di-isopropyltryptamine (also known as "Foxy" or "Foxy Methoxy")
- 5-MeO-DMT, 5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine
- DMT, Dimethyltryptamine
- AMT, α-methyltryptamine
- AET, α-ethyltryptamine
- DIPT, N,N-diisopropyl-tryptamine
- DPT, N,N-dipropyltryptamine
- Some prominent phenethylamine-based substances:
- 2C-B, 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine
- 2C-C, 2,5-dimethyoxy-4-chlorophenethylamine
- 2C-I, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine
- 2C-E, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-phenethylamine
- 2C-T-2, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine
- 2C-T-7, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine
- 2C-T-21, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(2-fluoroethylthio)phenethylamine
- MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
- MDEA, 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine
- DOB, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine
- DOM, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine
- TMA-2, 2,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine
- PMA, a highly dangerous analogue of MDMA responsible for many accidental deaths
- Some PCP analogues which have been sold as designer drugs:
- Some piperazine-based substances:
- BZP, benzylpiperazine
- TFMPP, 3-Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine, has the unique distinction of being the only drug to be emergency scheduled into Schedule I and then allowed to become legal because the DEA was unable to justify permanent scheduling
- mCPP, 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
- pFPP, 1-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazine
- Some designer steroids:
- THG, "The Clear"
- Madol (sometimes confusingly referred to as "DMT")
- Some designer stimulants:
- Some designer sedatives:
- GBL, gamma-butyrolactone, both a precursor to and substitute for GHB
- 1,4-Butanediol, another GHB analogue
- Methylmethaqualone, an analogue of the sedative methaqualone
- Some designer analogues of erectile dysfunction drugs:
References
- ^ Buchanan JF, Brown CR. Designer drugs. A problem in clinical toxicology. Medical Toxicology and Adverse Drug Experience. 1988 Jan-Dec;3(1):1-17.
- ^ DRUG MISUSE AND TRAFFICKING ACT 1985 - SCHEDULE 1
- ^ Commonwealth Criminal Code Act 1995 s 314.1(2)
- ^ Fahn, Stanley. The Case of the Frozen Addicts: How the Solution of an Extraordinary Medical Mystery Spawned a Revolution in the Understanding and Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. The New England Journal of Medicine. Dec 26, 1996. Vol. 335, Iss. 26; pg. 2002
- ^ TheDEA.org: The History of MDMA
- ^ Reepmeyer JC, Woodruff JT, d'Avignon DA. Structure elucidation of a novel analogue of sildenafil detected as an adulterant in an herbal dietary supplement. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2007 Apr 11;43(5):1615-21. PMID 17207601
- ^ Venhuis BJ, Blok-Tip L, de Kaste D. Designer drugs in herbal aphrodisiacs. Forensic Science International. 2008 May 20;177(2-3):e25-7. PMID 18178354
- ^ "Drug Information for Methylone Inj - WebMD".
- ^ Davis GC, Williams AC, Markey SP, Ebert MH, Caine ED, Reichert CM, Kopin IJ. Chronic Parkinsonism secondary to intravenous injection of meperidine analogues. Psychiatry Research. 1979 Dec;1(3):249-54.
- ^ "Surprising Clue to Parkinson's - TIME".
See also
- Erowid
- Lycaeum (website)
- JLF (famous research chemical supply company)
- Operation Web Tryp
- Controlled Substances Act
- Controlled Substance Analogue Enforcement of 1986
- Pharmaceutical company
- cf. drug design
External links
Wikipedia content modification information:
- This page was last modified on 23 September 2008, at 20:07.
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