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Drug policy usually refers to a government's attempt to combat drug addiction in society and to mitigate its negative effects. Governments try to combat drug addiction by tackling both the demand and supply of drugs. Measures on the demand side include prohibition, penalties for drug offenses, correctional systems for persons convicted for drug offenses, coercive care for drug abusers, treatment, rehabilitation, wareness campaigns, education, support to families, voluntary workes and deterrance. Measures on the supply side include criminal punishment of drug dealing, interception of drug trafficking and foreign policy aimed at eradicating the cultivation of plants used to make drugs. Mitigation measures include needle exchange and drug substitution programs, and free facilities for testing a drug's purity.

Contents 1 Drug Policy by country 1.1 Australia 1.2 Netherlands 1.3 Sweden 1.4 Switzerland 1.5 United States 2 See also 3 References 4 Academic articles 5 External links

Drug Policy by country

Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. (May 2008)

Australia

See also: Illicit drug use in Australia

There is a movement in Australia to make some substances decriminalised, particularly cannabis, making the possession of such a non-convictable offence in most states (however, the definition of what constitutes possession can differ between states). As a result of the decriminalisation, the punishments for drug use and drug dealing in Australia are typically very small, with many convicted small-time drug dealers not having to spend any time in jail.

In 2007 reported a federal parliamentary committee that it has found the Government's harm-minimization policy is not effective enough. It has recommended a zero-tolerance approach for drug education in schools. The committee also wants the law changed so children can be put into mandatory treatment for drug addiction.^[1]

There is an associated pro-drugs culture amongst a significant number of young Australians. The popular national youth radio station Triple J often refers to drug use with a neutral sentiment, rarely discouraging their use. Many take this neutrality as an encouragement to use drugs, and a feeling of drug use being acceptable in Australia. However, there is law enforcement targeting drugs for ex. in traffic^[2] or in the party scene.

Netherlands

See also: Drug policy of the Netherlands

Drug policy in the Netherlands is based on the two principles that drug use is a health issue, not a criminal issue, and that there is a distinction between hard and soft drugs. The Netherlands is currently the only country to have implemented a wide scale, but still regulated, decriminalisation of marijuana. Importing and exporting of any classified drug is a serious offence. The penalty can run up to 12 to 16 years if it is hard drug trade, maximum 4 years for import or export of large quantities of cannabis. Investment in treatment and prevention of drug addiction is high when compared to the rest of the world. Netherlands spends significant more per capita than all other countries in EU on drug law enforcement, 75% of drug related public spending is law enforcement. Drug use remains at average Western European levels and slightly lower than in English speaking countries.

Sweden

See also: Drug policy of Sweden and Nils Bejerot

Sweden has a policy of zero tolerance against all illicit drugs, including cannabis. The official aim is that of a drug free society. Drug use itself is criminal and punishable since 1988. Enforcement is in the form of wide spread drug testing, and penalties ranging from rehabilitation treatment and fines to a maximum 10 year prison sentence. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) reports that Sweden has one of the lowest drug usage rates in the Western world, and attributes this to a drug policy that invests heavily in prevention and treatment (including free community services), as well as strict law enforcement. ^[3] The general drug policy is supported by all political parties and, according to the opinion polls, the restrictive approach receives broad support from the public.^{[4] [5]}

The police efforts on combating street level crime has been shown to have a preventative effect, deterring young people from testing drugs.^[6] However, these is no evidence that it would lead to a lower amount of drug addicts. The UNODC report, have been criticized for being unscientific and fundamentally biased in favor of repressive drug laws, and that the report of the UNODC does not show any connection between Sweden's drug use statistics and it is drugs policy.^[7]

Switzerland

The national drug policy of Switzerland was developed in the early 1990s and comprises the four elements of prevention, therapy, harm reduction and prohibition. ^[8] Political initiatives in the 1990s and 2000s to make Swiss drug policy either more permissive or more restrictive, including through national popular initiatives, have been unsuccessful.

United States

See also: Drug policy of the United States

Modern US drug policy is still largely based on the war on drugs started by president Richard Nixon in 1972. In the United States, illegal drugs fall into different categories and punishment for possession and dealing varies on amount and type. Punishment for marijuana possession is light in most states, but punishment for dealing and possession of hard drugs can be severe, and has contributed to the growth of the prison population.

US drug policy is also heavily invested in foreign policy, supporting military and paramilitary actions in South America, Central Asia, and other places to eradicate the growth of coca and opium.

See also

References

Academic articles

• Re-thinking drug control policy - Historical perspectives and conceptual tools by Peter Cohen
• Policy from a harm reduction perspective (journal article)
• Global drug prohibition: its uses and crises (journal article)
• Should cannabis be taxed and regulated? (journal article)
• Shifting the main purposes of drug control: from suppression to regulation of use
• Setting goals for drug policy: harm or use reduction?
• Prohibition, pragmatism and drug policy repatriation
• Challenging the UN drug control conventions: problems and possibilities
• The Economics of Drug Legalization
• Britain on drugs (journal article)
• Laws and the Construction of Drug- and Gender-Related Violence in Central America by Peter Peetz

External links

• Major Studies of Drugs and Drug Policy Full text of major government commission reports on the drug laws from around the world over the last 100 years
• Cato Institute Drug Prohibition Research
• Nobel Prize in Economics winner Milton Friedman interviewed about his opposition to the War on Drugs
• The Report of the Canadian Government Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs—1972
• National Drug Threat Assessment 2006 from the United States Department of Justice
• Drug Policy Alliance
• EMCDDA - Decriminalisation in Europe? Recent developments in legal approaches to drug use.
• European Coalition for Just and Effective Drug Policies (ENCOD)
• Frontline: drug wars by PBS
• 10 Downing Street's Strategy Unit Drugs Report
• Transform Drug Policy Foundation
• The Drug War as a Socialist Enterprise by Milton Friedman
• National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws
• Law Enforcement Against Prohibition (LEAP)

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• This page was last modified on 28 September 2008, at 22:22.

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