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Elmira Correctional Facility, known otherwise as "the Hill", is a maximum security prison located in New York in the USA. The prison is located in Chemung County, New York in the City of Elmira. The ultra-maximum-security prison, Southport Correctional Facility is located 2 miles away from Elmira.
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Early years
Originally serving as a prisoner-of-war camp during the American Civil War, its harsh conditions resulting in the deaths of thousands of Confederate prisoners, the New York state legislature voted to build a new prison on the site of the former prison camp for first time offenders between the ages of 16-30. See also Elmira Prison.
The prison, which officially received its first prisoners from Auburn Prison in July 1876, began a new era in the science of penology as the first "reformatory". The harsh methods of the "Auburn" and "Pennsylvania Systems" including corporal punishment, striped uniforms and lockstep marching were rejected along with the earlier reforms fostered by the Quakers in Pennsylvania. Under its warden Zebulon Brockway, imprisonment was designed to reform each inmate by an individualized program. Brockway rejected pointless hard labor, a regime of silence, religious and morality lectures, and strict obedience enforced by brutality.
Elmira System
Among the programs begun at the reformatory included courses in ethics and religion, vocational training in various trades and extracurricular activities such as a prison band, newspaper and various athletic leagues.
Influenced by the methods of Walter Crofton's "Irish system" as well as Alexander Maconochie's experiments in Australian penal colonies, discipline was largely patterned after military academies as inmates would be dressed in military style uniforms often marching to the tune of a fife and bugle band.
Inmates would be classified by three "grades" with newly arriving prisoners being placed at second grade for their first six months. Those becoming the most responsive and cooperative prisoners earned a first grade, with the opportunity to earn additional privileges or "marks" including earning a reduction of their sentences or being granted parole (although inmates could be demoted if failing in their duties), while those less responsive to rehabilitation or inmates with behavioral problems were placed at third grade.
However under instituted indeterminate sentencing, tension was often high among the general population as prisoners were rarely informed how long the terms of their imprisonment lasted. Brockway's later use of corporal punishment, whose "Paddler Brockway" system would eventually result in the transfer of several prisoners to mental asylums, causing some to question the success of the reformatory system.
Later years
Despite its mixed results, the Elmira Reformatory would influence the construction of 25 reformatories in twelves states over the next 25 years, reaching its height in 1910. Although the education programs introduced in Elmira served as the first to serve inmates in a correction facility, the majority of the teaching staff were often unqualified and its complex grading system made progress difficult to maintain. Eventually, all well behaved inmates were placed in first grade with a few in second grade and those under punishment in third grade.
However, following Brockway's resignation, the reformatory reinstituted to standard custody and treatment methods and eventually converted to the Elmira Correctional and Reception Center, an adult maximum security prison holding approximately 1800 inmates.
References
- Roth, Mitchel P. Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. ISBN 0-313-32856-0
- Sifakis, Carl. The Encyclopedia of American Prisons. New York: Facts on File, 2003. ISBN 0-8160-4511-9
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Wikipedia content modification information:
- This page was last modified on 27 October 2008, at 14:53.
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