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Galls or plant galls are abnormal outgrowths^[1] of plant tissues and can be caused by various parasites, from fungi and bacteria, to insects and mites. Galls are often very organised structures and because of this, the cause of the gall can often be determined without the actual agent being identified. This applies particularly to some insect and mite galls.

Contents 1 Causes of plant galls 1.1 Insects 1.2 Fungi 1.3 Bacteria and viruses 1.4 Other Plants 2 Uses 3 Gallery 4 Footnotes 5 See also 6 Online references

Causes of plant galls

Insects

Insect galls develop under the influence of gall-inducing insects. Insect galls are usually induced by the chemicals injected by the larvae or the adults in the plants, either including mechanical damage or not. After the galls are formed, the larvae develop inside until fully grown, at which time they leave, sometimes as adults. In order to form galls, the insects must seize the time when plant cell division occurs at a high speed, the growing season, usually spring in temperate climates, but which can be extended in tropical latitudes. Also, the specific places where plant cell division occurs are needed to induce galls, that is, the meristems. Although insect galls can be found on a variety of parts of the plant, such as the leaves, stalks, branches, buds, roots or even flowers and fruits, gall-inducing insects are usually species-specific and sometimes tissue-specific on the plants they gall. Some insects induce galls on plants similar to each other, frequently within genera or family.

Gall-inducing insects include gall wasps, gall midges, aphids, and psyllids.

Fungi

A gall-inducing fungus is: Cedar-apple rust

Bacteria and viruses

Crown Gall is an example of a gall-causing bacterium.

Other Plants

Mistletoe can form galls on its hosts

Uses

Galls are rich in resins and tannic acid and have been used in the manufacture of permanent inks (such as iron gall ink) and astringent ointments, in dyeing, and in tanning. A high-quality ink has long been made from the Aleppo gall, found on oaks in the Middle East; it is one of a number of galls resembling nuts and called "gallnuts" or "nutgalls'. The larvae in galls is useful for a survival food and fishing bait.

Gallery

Gall on a Maple leaf	Rose bedeguar gall on a wild rose in summer.	Andricus fecundator	Andricus quercuscalicis
Andricus quercuscalicis	Neuroterus albipes forma laeviusculus	Eucalyptus leaf gall	Andricus kollari oak gall
Gymnosporangium	Oak marble galls, one with a Gall fly exit hole and another with Phoma gallorum fungal attack.	Sectioned gall showing central 'cell' and inquiline chamber; exit-hole and a possibly parasitised stunted gall specimen.	Pineapple gall on Sitka Spruce caused by Adelges abietis.
Developing Pineapple pseudocone galls on Norway Spruce

Footnotes

See also

• Bush coconut
• Mulga apple
• Oak apple
• Oak Marble gall
• Knopper gall
• Oak artichoke gall
• Rose bedeguar gall
• Pineapple gall

Online references

• "Gall". Infoplease encyclopedia. Retrieved on March, 2006.
• "Common oak gall". University of Kentucky Entomology. Retrieved on September 11, 2006.

Wikipedia content modification information:

• This page was last modified on 17 July 2008, at 19:35.

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