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George Pratt Shultz
60th United States Secretary of State
In office July 16, 1982 – January 20, 1989
President	Ronald Reagan
Deputy	Walter John Stoessel, Jr. (1982) Kenneth W. Dam (1982-1985) John C. Whitehead (1985-1989)
Preceded by	Alexander Haig Walter John Stoessel, Jr. (acting)
Succeeded by	James Baker
62nd United States Secretary of the Treasury
In office June 12, 1972 – May 8, 1974
President	Richard Nixon
Preceded by	John B. Connally
Succeeded by	William E. Simon
19th Director of the Office of Management and Budget
In office July 1, 1970 – June 11, 1972
President	Richard Nixon
Preceded by	Robert Mayo
Succeeded by	Caspar Weinberger
11th United States Secretary of Labor
In office January 22, 1969 – July 1, 1970
President	Richard Nixon
Preceded by	W. Willard Wirtz
Succeeded by	James D. Hodgson
Born	December 13, 1920 (1920-12-13) (age 88) New York City, New York, United States
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Helena Maria O'Brien Charlotte Mailliard Shultz
Alma mater	Princeton University Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Profession	Economist, Professor, Businessman, Public servant
Religion	Episcopalian
Military service
Service/branch	United States Marine Corps
Years of service	1942-1945
Rank	Captain

George Pratt Shultz (born December 13, 1920) served as the United States Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970, as the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury from 1972 to 1974, and as the U.S. Secretary of State from 1982 to 1989. Originally an economist, he has also served as a university professor and a business executive.

Early life, education

George Shultz was born in New York City, the son of Birl Earl Shultz and Margaret Lennox Pratt, the daughter of Rev. Edward Pratt of Shoshone, Idaho. In 1938, Shultz graduated from the Loomis Chaffee School in Windsor, Connecticut, after which he received an B.A. degree in economics from Princeton University in 1942. That same year he joined the U.S. Marine Corps and served until 1945, attaining the rank of Captain. In 1949, Shultz earned a Ph.D. in industrial economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Family

While serving with the Marines in Hawaii, he met his future wife, nurse lieutenant Helena Maria "Obie" O'Brien (1915-1995). They had five children. In 1997, after the death of Helena, he married Charlotte Mailliard Swig, a prominent San Francisco socialite. Their marriage was called the "Bay Area Wedding of the Year" and they remain a power couple in San Francisco.

University professor

He taught in both the MIT Department of Economics and the MIT Sloan School of Management from 1948 to 1957, with a leave of absence in 1955 to serve on President Dwight Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisers as a senior staff economist. In 1957, Shultz joined the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business as professor of industrial relations. Later, he was named dean in 1962.

Shultz's signature, as used on American currency

Joins Nixon's cabinet

Shultz served as President Richard Nixon's secretary of labor from 1969 to 1970, during which time he forced Pennsylvania construction unions which refused to accept black members to admit a certain number of blacks by an enforced deadline.¹ This marked the first use of racial quotas in the federal government.¹

He then became director of the Office of Management and Budget. He then became United States Secretary of the Treasury from May 1972 to May 1974. It was during this period that Shultz, along with Paul Volcker, supported the decision of the Nixon administration to end the gold standard and the Bretton Woods system.²

Business executive

Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (January 2007)

Shultz in his official Department of Labor portrait

Shultz in his official Treasury portrait

In 1974, he left government service to become president and director of Bechtel Group, a large engineering and services company.

Secretary of State for Reagan

On July 16, 1982, he was appointed by President Ronald Reagan to serve as the sixtieth U.S. secretary of state, replacing Alexander Haig, who had resigned. Considered by some to be a dove on foreign policy within the Reagan administration, Shultz frequently clashed with the more hawkish members of the administration. In particular, he was well known for outspoken opposition to the "arms for hostages" scandal that would eventually become the Iran Contra situation. In a 1983 testimony before the U.S. Congress, he said that the Sandinista government in Nicaragua was "a cancer in our own land mass", that must be "cut out". He was also opposed to any negotiation with the government of Daniel Ortega: "Negotiations are a euphemism for capitulation if the shadow of power is not cast across the bargaining table." During the First Intifada (see Arab-Israeli conflict), Shultz "proposed ... an international convention in April 1988 ... on an interim autonomy agreement for the West Bank and Gaza Strip, to be implemented as of October for a three-year period" ³. However, this never materialized.

Comedians best know Shultz for State Department spokeswoman Phyllis Oakley's response to a question about the Princeton tiger tattooed on Shultz's posterior: "I'm not in a position to know."

Later life

Shultz (far left) at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library July 17, 2007, with the President of Poland Lech Kaczyński and Mrs. Kaczyński as well as former First Lady Nancy Reagan (center, wearing tan suit)

George Shultz left office on January 20, 1989, but continues to be a strategist for the Republican Party. He was an advisor for George W. Bush's presidential campaign during the 2000 election, and senior member of the so-called "Vulcans", a group of policy mentors for Bush which also included among its members Dick Cheney, Paul Wolfowitz and Condoleezza Rice. One of his most senior advisors and confidants is former ambassador Charles Hill, who holds dual positions at the Hoover Institution and Yale University. Shultz has been called the father of the "Bush Doctrine", because of his advocacy of preventive war.⁴ He generally defends the Bush administration's foreign policy.⁴

After leaving public office in 1989, Shultz became the first prominent Republican to call for the legalization of recreational drugs. He went on to add his signature to an advertisement, published in The New York Times on June 8, 1998, entitled "We believe the global war on drugs is now causing more harm than drug abuse itself."

He also has spoken against the Cuban embargo, going as far as calling the US policy towards Cuba "insane".⁵ He has argued that free trade would help bring down Fidel Castro's regime and that the embargo only helps justify the continued repression in the island.

In August 2003, Shultz was named co-chair (along with Warren Buffett) of California's Economic Recovery Council, an advisory group to the campaign of California gubernatorial candidate Arnold Schwarzenegger.

On January 5, 2006, he participated in a meeting at the White House of former Secretaries of Defense and State, to discuss United States foreign policy with Bush administration officials.

Shultz is the chairman of the JP Morgan Chase bank's International Advisory Council and an honorary director of the Institute for International Economics. He is a member of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) Board of Advisors, the New Atlantic Initiative, the prestigious Mandalay Camp at the Bohemian Grove, the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq, and the Committee on the Present Danger. He is honorary chairman of The Israel Democracy Institute (www.idi.org.il). Shultz formerly served on the board of directors for the Bechtel Corporation, Charles Schwab Corporation, and was a member of the board of directors of Gilead Sciences from January 1996 to December 2005. He is currently a co-chairman of the North American Forum and also serves on the board for Accretive Health.

Honors and prizes

• Received the Presidential Medal of Freedom (January 19, 1989).
• Received the Seoul Peace Prize (1992).
• Received the United States Military Academy's Sylvanus Thayer Award (1992).
• Received the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service (2000).
• Received the Eisenhower Medal for Leadership (2001).
• Received the Lead21 Lifetime Achievement Award (2005).
• Received the Emma Lazarus Statue of Liberty Award (April 25, 2007).
• Received the Truman Medal for Economic Policy October 1, 2007.

See also

United States Marine Corps portal

International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b} Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 243. ISBN 0465041957. 
2. ^ [1]
3. ^ Oded, 135
4. ^ ^{a b} Henniger, Daniel (2006-04-29). "Father of the Bush Doctrine", Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on 12 August 2008. 
5. ^ George Shultz, Charlie Rose. Charlie Rose interview with George Shultz. Charlie Rose Inc..

Further reading

• Shultz, George P. and Shoven, John B. Putting Our House in Order: A Guide to Social Security and Health Care Reform. New York: W. W. Norton, 2008
• Oded, Eran. "Arab-Israel Peacemaking." The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002.
• George P. Shultz, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 2008, http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/bios/shultz.html .
• Shultz, George Pratt. "Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State", New York: Scribner's 1993.

External links

• Brief Biography The Hoover Institution
• U.S. Department of Labor Biography
• Tony Blair: Partying with the super rich in America A Daily Mail article on Tony Blair's attendance at a party arranged by Shultz's wife in San Francisco in July, 2006.
• George Shultz speech at Milton Friedman's 90th birthday.
• Phyllis Oakley and the tattoo More
• Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa (ASMEA)

Video

• George Shultz discusses his book Putting Our House in Order (filmed on April 15, 2008 at Stanford)
• George Shultz on panel (aired on Democracy Now! program, September 6, 2007
• George Shultz on Charlie Rose

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v • d • e United States Secretaries of Labor Secretaries of Commerce & Labor Cortelyou • Metcalf • Straus • Nagel Secretaries of Labor Wilson • Davis • Doak • Perkins • Schwellenbach • Tobin • Durkin • Mitchell • Goldberg • Wirtz • Shultz • Hodgson • Brennan • Dunlop • Usery • Marshall • Donovan • Brock • McLaughlin • Dole • Martin • Reich • Herman • Chao

v • d • e Directors of the United States Office of Management and Budget Dawes • Lard • Roop • Douglas • D W Bell • Smith • Webb • Pace • Lawton • Dodge • Hughes • Brundage • Stans • D E Bell • Gordon • Schultze • Zwick • Mayo • Shultz • Weinberger • Ash • Lynn • Lance • McIntyre • Stockman • Wright • Miller • Wright • Darman • Panetta • Rivlin • Raines • Lew • Daniels • Bolten • Portman • Nussle

v • d • e Cabinet of President Ronald Reagan (1981 – 1989) Vice President George H. W. Bush (1981 – 1989) Secretary of State Alexander M. Haig, Jr. (1981 – 1982) • George P. Shultz (1982 – 1989) Secretary of the Treasury Donald T. Regan (1981 – 1985) • James A. Baker, III (1985 – 1988) • Nicholas F. Brady (1988 – 1989) Secretary of Defense Caspar W. Weinberger (1981 – 1987) • Frank C. Carlucci (1987 – 1989) Attorney General William French Smith (1981 – 1985) • Edwin Meese III (1985 – 1988) • Richard L. Thornburgh (1988 – 1989) Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt (1981 – 1983) • William P. Clark, Jr. (1983 – 1985) • Donald P. Hodel (1985 – 1989) Secretary of Agriculture John R. Block (1981 – 1986) • Richard E. Lyng (1986 – 1989) Secretary of Commerce Malcolm Baldrige, Jr. (1981 – 1987) • C. William Verity, Jr. (1987 – 1989) Secretary of Labor Raymond J. Donovan (1981 – 1985) • William E. Brock (1985 – 1987) • Ann Dore McLaughlin (1987 – 1989) Secretary of Health and Human Services Richard S. Schweiker (1981 – 1983) • Margaret M. Heckler (1983 – 1985) • Otis R. Bowen (1985 – 1989) Secretary of Education T. H. Bell (1981 – 1985) • William J. Bennett (1985 – 1988) • Lauro F. Cavazos (1988 – 1989) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Samuel R. Pierce, Jr. (1981 – 1989) Secretary of Transportation Andrew L. Lewis, Jr. (1981 – 1983) • Elizabeth H. Dole (1983 – 1987) • James H. Burnley IV (1988 – 1989) Secretary of Energy James B. Edwards (1981 – 1983) • Donald P. Hodel (1983 – 1985) • John S. Herrington (1985 – 1989)

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