Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor

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Not to be confused with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Systematic (IUPAC) name
Human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor
Identifiers
CAS number 83869-56-1
ATC code L03AA09
PubChem  ?
DrugBank BTD00035
Chemical data
Formula C639H1006N168O196S8 
Mol. mass 14434.5 g/mol
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability  ?
Metabolism  ?
Half life  ?
Excretion  ?
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.

?
Legal status
Routes  ?


Colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)
PDB rendering based on 2gmf
Available structures: 1csg, 2gmf
Identifiers
Symbols CSF2; GMCSF; MGC131935; MGC138897
External IDs OMIM: 138960 MGI: 1339752 HomoloGene: 600
RNA expression pattern

More reference expression data
Orthologs
Human Mouse
Entrez 1437 12981
Ensembl ENSG00000164400 ENSMUSG00000018916
Uniprot P04141 Q14AD9
Refseq NM_000758 (mRNA)
NP_000749 (protein)		 NM_009969 (mRNA)
NP_034099 (protein)
Location Chr 5: 131.44 - 131.44 Mb Chr 11: 54.09 - 54.09 Mb
Pubmed search [3] [4]

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, often abbreviated to GM-CSF, is a protein secreted by macrophages, T cells, mast cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts.

Contents

Functions

GM-CSF is a cytokine that functions as a white blood cell growth factor. GM-CSF stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and monocytes. Monocytes exit the circulation and migrate into tissue, whereupon they mature into macrophages. It is thus part of the immune/inflammatory cascade, by which activation of a small number of macrophages can rapidly lead to an increase in their numbers, a process crucial for fighting infection. The active form of the protein is found extracellularly as a homodimer.

Genetics

The gene has been localized to a cluster of related genes at chromosome region 5q31, which is known to be associated with interstitial deletions in the 5q- syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia. Other genes in the cluster include those encoding interleukins 4, 5, and 13.[1]

Glycosylation

Human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor is glycosylated in its mature form. The glycosylation sites are reported to be at amino acid residues 23 (leucine), 27 (asparagine), and 39 (glutamic acid) (see US Patent No. 5,073,627).[2]

Clinical significance

GM-CSF is also known as molgramostim or, when the protein is expressed in yeast cells, sargramostim (Leukine).

GM-CSF is used as a medication to stimulate the production of white blood cells following chemotherapy. It has also recently been evaluated in clinical trials for its potential as a vaccine adjuvant in HIV-infected patients. The preliminary results have been promising but GM-CSF is not presently FDA-approved for this purpose.

Leukine

Leukine is the trade name of sargramostim manufactured by Berlex Laboratories, a subsidiary of Schering AG. Its use was approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration for acceleration of white blood cell recovery following autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, acute lymphocytic leukemia, or Hodgkin's disease in March 1991.[3] In November 1996, the FDA also approved sargramostim for treatment of fungal infections and replenishment of white blood cells following chemotherapy.[4]

Controversy

Berlex funded a study that ran in the May 26, 2005 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine which concluded that GM-CSF did produce significantly more remissions in Crohn's disease than those who received a placebo in the study, and it also decreased disease severity and improved quality of life.[5]

The study's lead author, Joshua Korzenik of Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, is a paid consultant for Berlex , and co-inventor of the patent which is owned by Washington University.[6] Korzenik created a "firewall" to protect the integrity of the study, consisting of two committees to review the study results and process as well and sending trial data to outside clinicians for review.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Entrez Gene: CSF2 colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)".
  2. ^ http://www.google.com/patents?vid=USPAT5073627&dq=5,073,627
  3. ^ [1] Details of Approved Claims by Line of Therapy, Approved Claims for 1991, FDA.gov
  4. ^ [2] Drugs Approved by the FDA, Drug Name: Leukine (sargramostim), CenterWatch.com
  5. ^ Korzenik J, Dieckgraefe B, Valentine J, Hausman D, Gilbert M (2005). "Sargramostim for active Crohn's disease". N Engl J Med 352 (21): 2193–201. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa041109. PMID 15917384. 
  6. ^ a b "Med school drug pushers: How scientists are selling out to drug companies", by David S. Bernstein, The Phoenix. Published April 12, 2006. Accessed 8 Feb 2007.

Further reading

  • Esnault S, Malter JS (2002). "GM-CSF regulation in eosinophils". Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz.) 50 (2): 121–30. PMID 12022701. 
  • Martinez-Moczygemba M, Huston DP (2003). "Biology of common beta receptor-signaling cytokines: IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF". J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 112 (4): 653–65; quiz 666. doi:10.1016/S0091 (inactive 2008-06-23). PMID 14564341. 
  • Mroczko B, Szmitkowski M (2005). "Hematopoietic cytokines as tumor markers". Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 42 (12): 1347–54. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2004.253. PMID 15576295. 
  • Hamilton JA, Anderson GP (2005). "GM-CSF Biology". Growth Factors 22 (4): 225–31. doi:10.1080/08977190412331279881. PMID 15621725. 
  • Tortorella C, Simone O, Piazzolla G, et al. (2007). "Age-related impairment of GM-CSF-induced signalling in neutrophils: role of SHP-1 and SOCS proteins". Ageing Res. Rev. 6 (2): 81–93. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2006.10.001. PMID 17142110. 
  • Robertson SA (2007). "GM-CSF regulation of embryo development and pregnancy". Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 18 (3-4): 287–98. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.04.008. PMID 17512774. 

External links

v • d • e
Cytokines, glycoproteins: colony-stimulating factors
Numbered
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor - Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor - Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
Unnumbered

Wikipedia content modification information:

  • This page was last modified on 7 August 2008, at 19:54.

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