Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup D

Yhaplotree.JPG
Time of origin 60,000 years BP[1]
Place of origin Asia[2]
Ancestor DE
Descendants D1, D2, D3
Defining mutations M174, 021355

In human genetics, Haplogroup D (M174) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Both D and E lineages also exhibit the single-nucleotide polymorphism M168 which is present in all Y-chromosome haplogroups except A and B, as well as the YAP unique-event polymorphism, which is unique to Haplogroup DE.

Contents

Origins

Haplogroup D is believed to have originated in Asia some 60,000 years before present.[1][2] While haplogroup D along with haplogroup E contains the distinctive YAP polymorphism (which indicates their common ancestry), no haplogroup D chromosomes have been found anywhere outside of Asia.[2]

Overview

Like haplogroup C, D is believed to represent the Great Coastal Migration along southern Asia, from Arabia to Southeast Asia and thence northward to populate East Asia. It is found today at high frequency among populations in Tibet, the Japanese archipelago, and the Andaman Islands, though curiously not in India. The Ainu of Japan and the Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands are notable for possessing almost exclusively Haplogroup D chromosomes, although Haplogroup C3 chromosomes also occur among the Ainu at a frequency of approximately 15% (3/20). Haplogroup D chromosomes are also found at low to moderate frequencies among populations of Central Asia and northern East Asia as well as the Han and Miao-Yao peoples of China and among several minority populations of Sichuan and Yunnan that speak Tibeto-Burman languages and reside in close proximity to the Tibetans.

Unlike haplogroup C, Hg D did not travel from Asia to the New World; it is found in no modern Native American (North, Central or South) populations. There is the possibility it traveled to the New World, like Hg C, but those lineages died out.

Haplogroup D is also remarkable for its rather extreme geographic differentiation, with a distinct subset of Haplogroup D chromosomes being found exclusively in each of the populations that contains a large percentage of individuals whose Y-chromosomes belong to Haplogroup D: Haplogroup D1 among the Tibetans (as well as among the mainland East Asian populations that display very low frequencies of Haplogroup D Y-chromosomes), Haplogroup D2 among the various populations of the Japanese Archipelago, Haplogroup D3 among the inhabitants of Tibet, Tajikistan and other parts of mountainous southern Central Asia, and paragroup D* (probably another monophyletic branch of Haplogroup D) among the Andaman Islanders. Another type (or types) of paragroup D* is found at a very low frequency among the Turkic and Mongolic populations of Central Asia, amounting to no more than 1% in total. This apparently ancient diversification of Haplogroup D suggests that it may perhaps be better characterized as a "super-haplogroup" or "macro-haplogroup." In one study, the frequency of haplogroup D* found among Thais was 10%.

The Haplogroup D Y-chromosomes that are found among populations of the Japanese Archipelago are particularly distinctive, bearing a complex of at least five individual mutations along an internal branch of the Haplogroup D phylogeny, thus distinguishing them clearly from the Haplogroup D chromosomes that are found among the Tibetans and Andaman Islanders and providing evidence that Y-chromosome Haplogroup D2 was the modal haplogroup in the ancestral population that developed the prehistoric Jōmon culture in the Japanese islands.

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup D subclades is based on the ISOGG 2009 tree.[3]

  • DE
    • D (M174, IMS-JST021355)
      • D*
      • D1 (M15)
        • D1*
        • D1a (N1)
          • D1a*
          • D1a1 (N2)
      • D2 (M55, M57, M64.1, M179, P37.1, P41.1, P190, 12f2b)
        • D2*
        • D2a (M116.1)
          • D2a*
          • D2a1 (M125)
            • D2a1a (P42)
              • D2a1a1 (P12)
            • D2a1b (022457)
              • D2a1b1 (P53.2)
          • D2a2 (M151)
          • D2a3 (P120)
      • D3 (P99)
        • D3*
        • D3a (P47)

Distribution

D*

This paragroup is found with high frequency among Andaman Islanders and 8-65% in Northeast Indian tribes.[4] It also has been found in approximately 5% of Altayans.[5]

D1 (M15)

Found frequently among Tibeto-Burman populations of Southwestern China (including approximately 23% of Qiang,[1][6] approximately 12.5% of Tibetans,[1] and approximately 9% of Yi[1][7]) with a moderate distribution throughout Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.[1]

D2 (M55)

Found with high frequency among Ainu, Japanese, and Ryukyuans.

D3a (P47)

Found with high frequency among Pumi,[1] Naxi,[1] and Tibetans,[1] with a moderate distribution in Central Asia.[1]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Shi H, Zhong H, Peng Y, et al. (2008). "Y chromosome evidence of earliest modern human settlement in East Asia and multiple origins of Tibetan and Japanese populations". BMC Biol. 6: 45. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-45. PMID 18959782. PMC 2605740. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/45. 
  2. ^ a b c Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMID 18385274. PMC 2336805. http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/abstract/gr.7172008v1. 
  3. ^ Y-DNA Haplogroup D and its Subclades - 2009
  4. ^ Chandrasekar et al. (2007), YAP insertion signature in South Asia, Ann Hum Biol. 2007 Sep-Oct;34(5):582-6.
  5. ^ Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H et al. (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes." J. Hum. Genet. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0
  6. ^ Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao et al., "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times," Genetics 172: 2431–2439 (April 2006)
  7. ^ Bo Wen, Xuanhua Xie, Song Gao et al., "Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans," American Journal of Human Genetics 74:856–865, 2004

References

See also

Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups (by ethnic groups · famous haplotypes)
most recent common Y-ancestor
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A BT
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B CT
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CF DE
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C F D E
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G H IJK
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IJ K
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I J L MNOPS T
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M NO P S
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N O Q R

External links

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This page was last modified on 20 February 2010 at 23:22.

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