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| International Phonetic Alphabet |
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This concise chart shows the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent English language pronunciations.
See Pronunciation respelling for English for phonetic transcriptions used in different dictionaries.
- AuE = Australian English1
- CaE = Canadian English
- GA = General American
- IrE = Irish English
- NZE = New Zealand English
- RP = Received Pronunciation (England)2
- ScE = Scottish English
- SAE = South African English
- WaE = Welsh English
- Note: An image of the chart is also available.
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| IPA: Other symbols used in transcription of English pronunciation | ||
|---|---|---|
| IPA | Explanation | |
| ˈ | Primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, rapping /ˈɹæpɪŋ/ | |
| ˌ | Secondary stress/full vowel indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, battleship /ˈbætl̩ˌʃɪp/ | |
| . | Syllable separation indicator; for example, ice cream /ˈaɪs.krim/ vs. I scream /aɪ.ˈskrim/ | |
| ̩ | Syllabic consonant indicator (placed under the syllabic consonant); for example, ridden /ˈɹɪdn̩/ | |
Notes
- ^ Harrington, J., F. Cox, and Z. Evans (1997). "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels". Australian Journal of Linguistics 17: 155–84.
- ^ Roach & 2004 (241-243). See Pronunciation respelling for English#International Phonetic Alphabet for the alternative system devised by Clive Upton for Oxford University Press dictionaries.
- ^ Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA, [ʔ] in some positions in English English, and [t̞] non-initially in Irish.
- ^ Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA.
- ^ Pronounced [t̪] in some varieties of Irish and merges with /f/ in some varieties of English English.
- ^ Pronounced [d̪] in some varieties of Irish and merges with /v/ in some varieties of English English.
- ^ Marginal elsewhere.
- ^ In some dialects (e.g. Brummie) "ringer", "sing" etc are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": /ˈɹɪŋɡə/ rather than /ˈɹɪŋə/
- ^ [ɫ] does not occur in Irish English, and [l] does not occur in Australian or Scottish English.
- ^ The tap [ɾ] is found in some varieties of Scottish and Irish.
- ^ Some dialects, such as Scottish, Irish, and much of the American South; see whine and wine and voiceless labiovelar approximant
- ^ See bad-lad split for this distinction.
- ^ Often transcribed /a/ for RP, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press.
- ^ See low back merger for more discussion of this vowel in American English.
- ^ Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
- ^ a b c d e f See Fern-fir-fur merger for this distinction.
- ^ Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].
- ^ a b In Canadian English, the raised diphthongs /ʌɪ/ and /ʌʊ/ are found before voiceless consonants, as in right /ɹʌɪt/ and out /ʌʊt/; in other environments, /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ are used. See Canadian raising.
- ^ Alternative symbols used in British dictionaries are /ɛː/ (Oxford University Press) and /ɛə/.
- ^ >Roach & 2004 (241-243), pp. 21-22, 25-26. Roach notes that many people in England use /ɔːɹ/ for this vowel, but the RP is to distinguish between more /mɔːɹ/ and moor /mʊəɹ/, tore /tɔːɹ/ and tour /tʊəɹ/, pour /pɔːɹ/ and poor /pʊəɹ/.
See also
- "Vowel wheel" - a subjective schematic of English vowel sounds as pronounced in a General American accent.
- NATO phonetic alphabet - also known as the international radiotelephony spelling alphabet or military alphabet. The NATO phonetic alphabet is often confused with the IPA because of the occurrence of "phonetic" in its name. However, the NATO alphabet is a cipher of the Latin alphabet, while the IPA strives for one-to-one representation of the sounds of all spoken languages.
- Phonetic alphabets (military)
- Pronunciation respelling for English
- SAMPA chart for English
- English phonology
References
- Gimson, A. C. (1980). An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English, 3rd edn., London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-6287-2.
- Kenyon, John Samuel (1950). American Pronunciation, 10th edn., Ann Arbor: George Wahr.
- Kenyon, John S.; Thomas A. Knott (1944/1953). A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. ISBN 0-87779-047-7.
- Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 239-245
- Wells, J. C. (2000). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, 2nd edn., Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 0-582-36468-X.
External links
- Learning the IPA for English, (Standard American English)
- Online keyboard with MP3 sound files for IPA symbols
- IPA chart with AIFF sound files for IPA symbols
- IPA chart with MP3 sound files for all IPA symbols on the chart (limited version is available to anyone)
- The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2005) Symbols for all languages are shown on this one-page chart.
- lexconvert a GPL command-line program to convert between Unicode IPA and the ASCII notations of various English speech synthesizers
- LONGMAN Dictionary of Contemporary English ONLINE uses IPA.
- Online IPA editor for English
- Online/Offline IPA editor for English
- IPA transcription systems for English — discussion by John C. Wells of RP transcriptions
Wikipedia content modification information:
- This page was last modified on 29 October 2008, at 06:58.
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