Inulin

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Inulin
Molecular formula C6nH10n+2O5n+1
Molar mass Polymer; depends on n
CAS number [9005-80-5]
PubChem 24763
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references
Not to be confused with insulin.

Inulins are a group of naturally occurring polysaccharides (several simple sugars linked together) produced by many types of plants.[1] They belong to a class of fibers known as fructans. Inulin is used by some plants as a means of storing energy and is typically found in roots or rhizomes. Most plants which synthesize and store inulin do not store other materials such as starch.

Contents

Uses

Processed foods

Inulin is used increasingly in foods because it has unusual nutritional characteristics. It ranges from completely bland to subtly sweet and can be used to replace sugar, fat, and flour. This is particularly advantageous because inulin contains a third to a quarter of the food energy of sugar or other carbohydrates and a sixth to a ninth of the food energy of fat. It also increases calcium absorption[2] and possibly magnesium absorption,[3] while promoting the growth of intestinal bacteria. Nutritionally, it is considered a form of soluble fiber and is sometimes seen as a prebiotic. The consumption of large quantities (particularly by sensitive or unaccustomed individuals) can lead to gas and bloating. Inulin has a minimal impact on blood sugar, and—unlike fructose—is not insulemic and does not raise triglycerides,[4] making it generally considered suitable for diabetics and potentially helpful in managing blood sugar-related illnesses.

Industrial use

Nonhydrolyzed inulin can also be directly converted to ethanol in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process which may have great potential for converting crops high in inulin into ethanol for fuel.[5]

Medical

Inulin is used to help measure kidney function by determining the Glomerular filtration rate (GFR). GFR is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time.[6]

Biochemistry

Inulins are polymers mainly comprising fructose units and typically have a terminal glucose. The fructose units in inulins are joined by a beta-(2-1) glycosidic bond. Plant inulins generally contain between 20 to several thousand fructose units. Smaller compounds are called fructooligosaccharides, the simplest being 1-ketose, which has 2 fructose units and 1 glucose unit.

Inulins are named in the following manner, where n is the number of fructose residues and py is the abbreviation for pyranosyl:

  • Inulins with a terminal glucose are known as alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-[beta-D-fructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranosides, abbreviated as GpyFn.
  • Inulins without glucose are beta-D-fructopyranosyl-[D-fructofuranosyl](n-1)-D-fructofuranosides, abbreviated as FpyFn.

Hydrolysis of inulins may yield fructooligosaccharides, which are oligomers with a degree of polymerization (DP) of <= 10.

Calculation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Inulin is uniquely treated by nephrons in that it is completely filtered at the glomerulus but neither secreted nor reabsorbed by the tubules. This property of inulin allows the clearance of inulin to be used clinically as a highly accurate measure of Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)—the percentage of plasma from the afferent arteriole that is filtered into Bowman's capsule.

It is useful to contrast the properties of inulin with those of para-aminohippuric acid (PAH). PAH is completely filtered from plasma at the glomerulus and not reabsorbed by the tubules, in a manner identical to inulin. PAH is different from inulin in that the fraction of PAH that bypasses the glomerulus and enters the nephron's tubular cells (via the Peritubular capillaries) is completely secreted. Renal Clearance of PAH is thus useful in calculation of renal plasma flow (RPF), which empirically is (1-Hematocrit) times renal blood flow. Of note, the clearance of PAH is reflective only of RPF to portions of the kidney that deal with urine formation, and thus underestimates actually RPF by about 10%.[7]

The measurement of GFR by inulin is still considered the gold-standard. Practically, however, it has now been largely replaced by other, simpler measures that are approximations of GFR. These measures, which involve clearance of such substrates as EDTA, iso-hexanol, the radioisotope Chromium51 (chelated with EDTA) and creatinine, have had their utility confirmed in large cohorts of patients with chronic kidney disease.

Health effects

Inulin is indigestible by the human enzymes ptyalin and amylase, which are adapted to digest starch. As a result, inulin passes through much of the digestive system intact. It is only in the colon that bacteria metabolise inulin, with the release of significant quantities of carbon dioxide, hydrogen and/or methane. Inulin-containing foods can be rather gassy, particularly for those unaccustomed to inulin, and these foods should be consumed in moderation at first.

There are three types of dietary fiber, soluble, insoluble, and Resistant starch. Insoluble fiber increases the movement of materials through the digestive system and increases stool bulk; it is especially helpful for those suffering from constipation or stool irregularity. Soluble fiber dissolves in water to form a gelatinous material. Some soluble fibres may help lower blood cholesterol and glucose levels. Inulin is considered a soluble fiber.

Because normal digestion does not break inulin down into monosaccharides, it does not elevate blood sugar levels and may therefore be helpful in the management of diabetes. Inulin also stimulates the growth of bacteria in the gut.[4] Inulin passes through the stomach and duodenum undigested and is highly available to the gut bacterial flora. This makes it similar to Resistant starches and other fermentable carbohydrates. This contrasts with proprietary probiotic formulations based on Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in which the bacteria have to survive very challenging conditions through the gastrointestinal tract before they are able to colonize the gut.

Some traditional diets contain up to 20g per day of inulin or fructo-oligosaccharides. Many foods naturally high in inulin or fructo-oligosaccharides, such as chicory, garlic, and leek, have been seen as "stimulants of good health" for centuries.[8]

Inulin is also used in medical tests to measure the total amount of extracellular volume and determine the function of the kidneys.[9]

Inulin is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the FDA.[10]

Whilst there is a single report in the literature claiming to be an allergic reaction to inulin, dietary inulin has small amounts of bacteria and fungal spores and this case is most likely to represent a reaction to one of these contaminants as every day billions of people eat inulin-containing foods, e.g. onions without any suggestion of allergy [11] New England Journal of Medicine.

Between about 30-40% of the population suffers from fructose malabsorption.[12] Since inulin is a fructan, excess dietary intake may lead to minor side effects such as increased flatulence and loosened bowel motions in people with fructose malabsorption.[13] It is recommended that fructan intake for people with fructose malabsorption be kept to less than 0.5 grams/serving.[13]

Natural sources of inulin

Plants that contain high concentrations of inulin include:

References

  1. ^ Roberfroid M. "Introducing inulin-type fructans". Br J Nutr 93 Suppl 1: S13–25. PMID 15877886. 
  2. ^ Abrams S, Griffin I, Hawthorne K, Liang L, Gunn S, Darlington G, Ellis K (2005). "A combination of prebiotic short- and long-chain inulin-type fructans enhances calcium absorption and bone mineralization in young adolescents". Am J Clin Nutr 82 (2): 471–6. PMID 16087995. 
  3. ^ Coudray C, Demigné C, Rayssiguier Y (2003). "Effects of dietary fibers on magnesium absorption in animals and humans". J Nutr 133 (1): 1–4. PMID 12514257. 
  4. ^ a b Niness. "Inulin and Oligofructose: What Are They?". Journal of Nutrition 129 (7): 1402. PMID 10395607. Retrieved on 2008-01-19. 
  5. ^ Kazuyoshi Ohta, Shigeyuki Hamada, Toyohiko Nakamura (1992). "Production of High Concentrations of Ethanol from Inulin by Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Using Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59 (3): 729–733. PMID 8481000. 
  6. ^ Physiology at MCG 7/7ch04/7ch04p11 - "Glomerular Filtration Rate"
  7. ^ Costanzo, Linda. Physiology, 4th Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2007. Page 156-160.
  8. ^ Coussement P (1999). "Inulin and oligofructose: safe intakes and legal status". J Nutr 129 (7 Suppl): 1412S–7S. PMID 10395609.  Text)
  9. ^ MedlinePlus DrugInfo uspdi-202300
  10. ^ GRAS Notice No. GRN 000118, available at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~rdb/opa-g118.html.
  11. ^ Fabienne Gay-Crosier, M.D. et al., Anaphylaxis from Inulin in Vegetables and Processed Food (Correspondence), New England Journal of Medicine, 342(18), 1372. May 4, 2000.
  12. ^ Tryptophan, Serotonin, and Melatonin: Basic Aspects and applications, By Gerald Huether
  13. ^ a b Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR (2006). "Fructose malabsorption and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: guidelines for effective dietary management". Journal of the American Dietetic Association 106 (10): 1631–9. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2006.07.010. PMID 17000196. 
v • d • e
Types of Carbohydrates
General:
Geometry
Monosaccharides
Ketotriose (Dihydroxyacetone) | Aldotriose (Glyceraldehyde)
Ketotetrose (Erythrulose) | Aldotetroses (Erythrose, Threose)
Multiple
Glycosaminoglycans
Aminoglycosides
Major families of biochemicals
Saccharides | Carbohydrates | Glycosides | | Amino acids | Peptides | Proteins | Glycoproteins | | Lipids | Terpenes | Steroids | Carotenoids
Alkaloids | Nucleobases | Nucleic acids | | Enzyme cofactors | Flavonoids | Polyketides | Tetrapyrroles

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  • This page was last modified on 21 August 2008, at 00:19.

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