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The following is a list of significant men and women known, following the now largely-discredited great man theory, for being the father, mother, or considered the founders in a field, listed by category. In some fields the title of being the "father" is debatable.
|
Church
Economics
| Subject | Father / Mother of ... | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Communism | Karl Marx Friedrich Engels David Ricardo[1] |
|
| Economics (early) | Ibn Khaldun[2] | Publication: Muqaddimah (1370) |
| Economics (modern) | Richard Cantillon[3] Adam Smith[4] |
First specific treatise on economics Publication: The Wealth of Nations (1776) |
| Microcredit | Muhammad Yunus[5] | Founded Grameen Bank |
| Modern portfolio theory | Harry Markowitz[6] |
Games
| Subject | Father / Mother of ... | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Miniature wargaming | H.G. Wells[7] | |
| Role-playing games | Gary Gygax[8] | Creator of Dungeons & Dragons |
| Wargaming | Charles S. Roberts[9] |
Humanities
Nations
Military
| Subject | Father / Mother of ... | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic bomb | Robert Oppenheimer.[10] Leó Szilárd[11] |
|
| Blitzkrieg | Heinz Guderiancitation needed | |
| Hydrogen bomb | Edward Teller[12] | |
| Atomic submarine and "nuclear navy" | Hyman G. Rickover[13] [14] [15] | |
| Fourth Generation Warfare | William S. Lindcitation needed | |
| French sailing navy | Jean-Baptiste Colbert[16] | Built on the fleet France inherited from Cardinal Richelieu. |
| Military strategy | Sun Tzu, Hannibal Barca[17] |
Wrote the semincal work The Art of War (6th century BC). Successfully employed military tactics such as the double-envelopment in the Second Punic War (3rd century BC). |
| Naval tactical studies | Paul Hoste[18] | Jesuit Professor of Mathematics at the Royal College of the Marine in Toulon; wrote L'Art des Armées Navales (1697) |
| The Soviet Union's hydrogen bomb | Andrei Sakharov[19] | |
| United States Airborne | William C. Lee[20] | First commander of the parachute school at Fort Benning, Georgia. |
| United States Navy | Commodore John Barry[21] Captain John Paul Jones[22] |
Sciences
Sports
| Subject | Father / Mother of ... | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Angling | Izaak Walton[23] | author of The Compleat Angler |
| Baseball | Henry Chadwick[24][25][26][27] | |
| Canadian rodeo | O. Raymond Knight[28] | |
| Karting | Art Ingels[29] | Developed the world's first kart (1956) |
| lacrosse | William George Beers[30][31][32][33] | |
| Modern Boxing | James J. Corbettcitation needed | |
| modern sabre fencing | Italo Santelli[34] |
Technology
Fields
| Subject | Father / Mother of ... | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Aerodynamics (modern) | Nikolai Zhukovsky | Founding father of modern Aerodynamics. The first to undertake the study of airflow. He established the world's first Aerodynamic Institute. The first to explaine the origin of aerodynamic lift |
| Architecture | Imhotep[35] | Built the first pyramid |
| Astronautics | Robert H. Goddard[36] Hermann Oberth[37] |
|
| Aviation | Father Francesco Lana-Terzi[38] | Book: Prodromo alla Arte Maestra (1670). First to describe the geometry and physics of a flying vessel. |
| Compact Disc | Kees Immink[39] | |
| Computing | Charles Babbage[40] | Inventor of the Analytical Engine which was never constructed in his lifetime. |
| Computer | Andre Truong Trong Thi
Konrad Zuse[41] Alan Turing[42] John von Neumann[43] John V. Atanasoff[44] |
Father of the personal computer. Invented world's first functional program-controlled computer. Was a secret code breaker during WWII and invented the Turing machine (1936) Became "intrigued" with Turing's universal machine and later emphasised the importance of the stored-program concept for electronic computing (1945), including the possibility of allowing the machine to modify its own program in useful ways while running Invented the digital computer in the 1930s |
| Computer Program | Ada Lovelace[45] | Recognized by historians as the writer of the world's first computer program which was for the Charles Babbage Analytical Engine, but was never complete within either her or his lifetime. |
| Cosmonautics | Konstantin Tsiolkovsky[46] | |
| Cybernetics | Norbert Wiener[47][48] | |
| Engineering (modern) | Al-Jazari[49] | Invented devices fundamental to modern engineering, including the crankshaft, connecting rod, reciprocating piston suction pump, valve, combination lock, etc. |
| Perfumery[50] | Al-Kindi (Alkindus) | Founded the perfume industry. |
| Photography | Louis Daguerre[51] Nicéphore Niépce[52] William Henry Fox Talbot[53] Thomas Wedgwood[54] |
|
| Robotics | Al-Jazari[55] | Invented the first programmable humanoid robot. |
Inventions
Transport
| Subject | Father / Mother of ... | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| American Interstate Highway System | Dwight D. Eisenhower[88] | |
| Route 66 | Cyrus Avery[89] | |
| Traffic safety | William Phelps Eno[90] | |
| Yellow school bus | Frank W. Cyr[91] |
See also
References
- ^ Karl Marx (1863): Theories of Surplus Value, Chapter 10:
Carey (the passage to be looked up later) therefore denounces him as the father of communism.
“Mr. Ricardo’s system is one of discords …its whole tends to the production of hostility among classes and nations… His hook is the true manual of the demagogue, who seeks power by means of agrarianism, war, and plunder.” (H. C. Carey, The Past, the Present, and the Future, Philadelphia, 1848, pp. 74–75.)
- ^ I. M. Oweiss (1988), "Ibn Khaldun, the Father of Economics", Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses, New York University Press, ISBN 0887066984.
- ^ Rothbard, Murray N. (2006). "Chapter 12 — The founding father of modern economics: Richard Cantillon", Economic thought before Adam Smith: An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought. Cheltnam, UK: Edward Elgar, 345. ISBN 094546648X. “The honour of being called the 'father of modern economics' belongs, then, not to its usual recipient, Adam Smith, but to a gallicized Irish merchant, banker, and adventurer who wrote the first treatise on economics more than four decades before the publication of the Wealth of Nations. Richard Cantillon (c. early 1680s-1734)…”
- ^ Steven Pressman. Fifty Major Economists. (1999). Routledge. ISBN 0415134811 p.20
- ^ Expanding Microcredit in India: A Great Opportunity for Poverty Alleviation, Grameen Dialogue.
- ^ Harry Markowitz, "the father of Modern Portfolio Theory," To Highlight Investment Consultants Conference
- ^ The Miniatures Page. The World of Miniatures - An Overview.
- ^ Rausch, Allen (August 15, 2004). "Gary Gygax Interview - Part I". GameSpy. Retrieved on 2005-01-03.
- ^ "Charles S. Roberts: The Founding Father"
- ^ J Robert Oppenheimer
- ^ Bernstein, Barton J: "Introduction" to The Voice of the Dolphins and Other Stories (expanded edition), by Leo Szilard. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992, p.5: "Its author, Leo Szilard, now dead nearly three decades, was a Hunganian émigré scientist and one of many putative fathers of the A-bomb."
- ^ "'Father of H-Bomb' Agrees to Rally Scientific Talent." The New York Times, December 31, 1965, p.19. Story opens: "Albany, Dec. 30—Governor Rockefeller will make an intensified attack on air pollution with the help of Dr. Edward Teller, the 'father of the hydrogen bomb.'"
- ^ Jeffries, John (2001). Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. Fordham Univ Press. ISBN 0-8232-2110-5., p.162: "'Admiral Rickover', said Powell, '"father of the atomic submarine", is a a great naval officer... It is not equally clear that he is a careful and thorough student of American education.'"
- ^ "Submarine Range Called Unlimited; Rickover Says Atomic Craft Can Cruise Under Ice To North Pole and Beyond," The New York Times, December 6, 1957, p.33: "The admiral, who is often called the 'Father of the Atomic Submarine'..."
- ^ Galantin, I. J. (1997). Submarine Admiral: From Battlewagons to Ballistic Missiles. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06675-8., p. 217: "Chet Holifield... member of the JCAE... said 'Of all the men I dealt with in public service, at least one will go down in history: Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, the father of the nuclear Navy.'"
- ^ Warner, Oliver (1973). Great Battle Fleets. Hamlyn, 98. ISBN 0600339130 ISBN 978-0600339137.
- ^ Ayrault Dodge, Theodore (1995). Hannibal: A History of the Art of War Among the Carthagonians and Romans Down to the Battle of Pydna, 168 BC. Da Capo Press.
- ^ Warner, Oliver (1973). Great Battle Fleets. Hamlyn, 96. ISBN 0600339130 ISBN 978-0600339137.
- ^ "Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights". Center for the History of Physics. American Institute of Physics. Retrieved on 2007-03-03.
- ^ "General William C. Lee: Father of the Airborne". Retrieved on 2008-07-12.
- ^ John Barry Kelly. "Commodore Barry". Retrieved on 2007-06-16.
- ^ Hoover Library, "Revolutionary America! Where Did We Go From There? The Continental Navy -- John Paul Jones"
- ^ (1914) New International Encyclopedia. New York City: Dodd, Mead and Company, Fathers.
- ^ "Henry Chadwick, Chad, The Father of Base Ball [sic]"; National Baseball Hall of Fame bio,[1]. Not a player, but a journalist and organizer, the Hall of Fame credits him as "inventor of the box score" and "author of the first rule-book."
- ^ 'Spalding's Baseball Guide and Official League Book for 1889, ed. Henry Chadwick at Project Gutenberg : "Henry Chadwick, the veteran journalist, upon whom the honored sobriquet of 'Father of Base Ball[sic]' rests so happily and well, appears in portraiture, and so well preserved in his physical manhood that his sixty-three years rest lightly upon his well timed life."
- ^ "Matty" at Harvard; The New York Times, February 16, 1909, p. 7: "Charles H. Ebbets, Chairman of the Chadwick Monument Committee, has announced that the contract has been awarded for a suitable monument to be placed on the plot in Greenwood[sic] Cemetery where the remains of the late Henry Chadwick, 'the Father of Baseball,' repose."
- ^ Collins, Glen (2004): "Ground as Hallowed as Cooperstown," The New York Times, April 1, 2004. (Article on baseball notables interred in the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn) "Among the nearly 600,000 people buried there are no less than four pioneers who were accorded the title 'Father of Baseball' in the popular press: Henry Chadwick, Duncan Curry, William Tucker and William Wheaton....The memorial for Henry Chadwick bears a 'Father of Base Ball' inscription.... [Duncan] Curry, first president of the Knickerbocker Baseball Club, is immortalized with a monument that proudly dubs him 'Father of Baseball' because he headed the club that scholars say first codified many of the game's rules...."
- ^ Hicken, J.O. Ed. "Raymond Roundup 1902–1967". Lethbridge, Alberta Canada: The Lethbridge Herald Company, Ltd., 1967. pages 243 and 519.
- ^ http://www.vintagekarts.com/ingels.htm - vintagekarts.com
- ^ STX Lacrosse
- ^ HickokSports.com - History - Lacrosse
- ^ Lacrosse History. Historical Facts About Lacrosse
- ^ http://www.schoolnet.ca/aboriginal/handbook/arts_lacrosse.html
- ^ Santelli bio including several references backing up the statement, including a quote from Dr. William Gaugler Dec. 1997: "I am, in fact, only two generations removed from the 'father of modern sabre' [referring to Santelli]".
- ^ Albert Gallatin Mackey, The Builder Magazine, December 1922, Volume VIII, Number 12, Part XVI.
- ^ Goddard
- ^ Oberth
- ^ Woods, Thomas. How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization, p 36. (Washington, DC: Regenery, 2005); ISBN 0-89526-038-7.
- ^ Untitled Document
- ^ Lee, J.A.N. (1995). International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 1-884964-47-8.
- ^ Konrad Zuse's versus John von Neumann's Computer Concepts
- ^ 'Father of the computer' honoured - BBC News, Monday, 7 June, 2004
- ^ The Modern History of Computing - Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- ^ Bruner, Jeffrey. "Atanasoff, father of the computer, dies at 91". Rebuilding the ABC. Ames Laboratory. Retrieved on 2006-07-28.
- ^ Ada Lovelace
- ^ Tsiolkovskiy
- ^ Belzer, Belzer (1977). Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 7 - Curve Fitting to Early Development.... Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-262-73009-X., p. 55: "It is probably not an accident that the 'father of cybernetics,' Norbert Wiener, ..."
- ^ Wiener, Norbert [1948] (1965). Cybernetics, Second Edition: or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. MIT Press. ISBN 0-8247-2257-4. (Wiener is credited with coining the term in its common modern usage)
- ^ 1000 Years of Knowledge Rediscovered at Ibn Battuta Mall, MTE Studios.
- ^ Martin Levey (1973), Early Arabic Pharmacology, EJ Brill, Leiden.
Dunlop, D.M. (1975), Arab Civilization, Librairie du Liban.
(cf. Womens Arabian Perfume) - ^ Barger, M. Susan; William B. White (2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6458-5. p. 20, "Louis Jacques Monde Daguerre: The second father of photography is Daguerre..."
- ^ Barger, M. Susan; William B. White (2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6458-5. p. 17, "The first father of photography was Nicéphore Niépce...."
- ^ Ellis, Roger (2001). Who's Who in Victorian Britain. Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-1640-6., p. 116: cites book title: "A. H. Booth: William Henry Fox Talbot: father of photography, 1965".
- ^ Booth, Martin (1999). Opium: A History. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-20667-4. p. 30 "Robert Hall, the divine, was addicted [to opium], as was Thomas Wedgwood, the father of photography."
- ^ Paul Vallely, How Islamic Inventors Changed the World, The Independent, Mar 11, 2006.
- ^ The Father of Cool - Willis Haviland Carrier and Air Conditioning
- ^ Igor Sikorsky is considered to be the "father" of helicopters not because he invented the first. He is called that because he invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based, an artilce from inventors.About.com by Mary Bellis
- ^ Gore Deserves Internet Credit, Some Say, a March 1999 Washington Post article
- ^ Making Televised Emergency Information Accessible from the Gallaudet University website
- ^ Although its a title he objects to (see Interview with Vinton Cerf, from a January 2006 article in Government Computer News), Cerf is willing to call himself one of the Internet's fathers, citing Bob Kahn in particularly as being someone with whom he should share that title.
- ^ Kahn do, No (2007). " Father of internet warns against Net Neutrality", The Register, Thursday 18th January
- ^ "Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television". NHK Science & Technical Research Laboratories. Retrieved on 2006-12-09.
- ^ "Kenjiro Takayanagi, Electrical Engineer, 91 (obituary)". New York Times. Retrieved on 2006-12-09.
- ^ BBC NEWS | UK | England | Coventry/Warwickshire | Sculpture to jet engine inventor
- ^ Aircraft Engine
- ^ John Harrison
- ^ The Technology Trailblazer: Vinod Dham. University of Cincinnati.
- ^ Priya Ganapati at Techfest 99, IIT Bombay. Rediff.com.
- ^ [2]
- ^ The "The First Electronic Church of America" Web site poses the question: "Russia's Popov: Did he 'invent' radio?" According to this account, Alexander Popov is the "radio man." Among other things, it notes that Popov reported sending and receiving a wireless signal across a 600 yards distance in 1895. Two years later, it says, he set up a shore station at Kronstadt and equipped the Russian navy cruiser Africa with his wireless communications apparatus to provide ship-to-shore communication., an article by Stan Horzepa wondering who is the father of the radio
- ^ De Forest, Lee (1950). Father of Radio: The Autobiography of Lee de Forest. Chicago: Wilcox & Follett. (This book sold fewer than a thousand copies and is accordingly rare and expensive today).
- ^ Dennis, Everette E..; Edward Pease (1994). Radio—The Forgotten Medium. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56593-873-9., p. 198: "the egotistical Lee De Forest who discovered, however unwittingly, the audion tube that allowed him to proclaim himself 'the father of radio'"
- ^ Shurkin, Joseph (1996). Engines of the Mind: The Evolution of the Computer from the Mainframes to Microprocessors. W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-31471-5., p. 132: "De Forest, who was not a modest man, called himself the 'Father of Radio,' an epithet whose accuracy is debatable."
- ^ Guglielmo Marconi - the "father of radio"
- ^ A. K. Sen (1997). "Sir J.C. Bose and radio science", Microwave Symposium Digest 2 (8-13), p. 557-560.
- ^ Ask the average person "Who invented radio?" and the average answer will be "Marconi." Ask the same question on the Internet, and the average answer will not likely be "Marconi." Instead, try one of the following on for size: Nikola Tesla, Alexander Popov, Oliver Lodge, Reginald Fessenden, Heinrich Hertz, Mahlon Loomis, Nathan Stubblefield, James Clerk Maxwell and even Thomas Edison, among others, an article by Stan Horzepa wondering who is the father of the radio
- ^ McLuhan, Marshall; Barrington Nevitt (1972). Take Today; the Executive as Dropout. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-187830-7. "Fessenden, the Forgotten Father of 'Wireless' Telephony" (section heading)[3]
- ^ Zuill, William S. (2001): The Forgotten Father of Radio", American Heritage of Science and Technology, 17(1)40–47, as cited in Silverman, Steve (2003). Lindbergh's Artificial Heart: More Fascinating True Stories From Einstein's Refrigerator. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-3340-0. p. 160
- ^ XML for Newcomers and Managers - Part I
- ^ Meucci was recognised as the first inventor of the telephone by the United States House of Representatives, in its resolution 269 dated 11 June 2002 ("if Meucci had been able to pay the $10 fee to maintain the caveat after 1874, no patent could have been issued to Bell").
- ^ Van Meggelen, Jim; Jared Smith, Leif Madsen (2005). Asterisk: The Future of Telephony. O'Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00962-3., p.190: "Although Alexander Graham Bell is most famously remembered as the father of the telephone, the reality is that during the latter half of the 1800s dozens of minds were at work on the project of carrying voice over telegraph lines."
- ^ http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/F/htmlF/farnsworthp/farnsworthp.htm
. Society of Television Engineers. URL accessed January 20, 2008. "Isn't it about time that Philo Farnsworth gets some credit??? - ^ "Zworykin at IEEE Virtual Museum". Retrieved on 2008-03-03. “"the oft-called Father of Television Vladimir Zworykin"”
- ^ "Zworykin at Museum.TV". Retrieved on 2008-03-03. “"inventor Vladimir Zworykin is often described as "the father of television". "”
- ^ Three loud cheers for the father of the web, 28/01/2005, Telegraph.co.uk
- ^ Cooper, Alan, Why I am called "the Father of Visual Basic" "Mitchell Waite called me the "father of Visual Basic" in the foreword to what I believe was the first book ever published for VB, called the Visual Basic How-To (now in its second edition, published by The Waite Group Press). I thought the appellation was an appropriate one, and frequently use the quoted phrase as my one-line biography."
- ^ XML.com: "XML Father" leaves W3C for OASIS
- ^ Federal Highway Administration [4]. URL accessed July 21, 2006.
- ^ Steil, Tim (2000). Route 66. MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7603-0747-4., p. 18, "Avery, though dubbed the 'Father of Route 66' by some, was a political appointee who also left office the next year."
- ^ Eno Transportation Foundation [5]. URL accessed August 23, 2006.
- ^ Watson, Rollin J. (2002). The School As a Safe Haven. Bergen Garvey/Greenwood. ISBN 0-89789-900-8. p. 30}}: "The modern school bus began in a conference in 1939 called by Frank W. Cyr, the 'Father of the Yellow School' bus, who was a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University. At that meeting, Cyr urged the standardization of the school bus. Participants came up with the standard yellow color and some basic construction standards. Cyr had... found that children were riding in all sorts of vehicles—one district, he found, was painting their busses red, white, and blue to instill patriotism."
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