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Contents 1 Introduction (Gray's s17) 1.1 Gray's page #79 1.2 Gray's page #80 1.3 Development of the Skeleton 1.3.1 Gray's page #80 1.3.2 Gray's page #81 1.3.3 Gray's page #82 1.3.4 Gray's page #83 1.3.5 Gray's page #84 1.3.6 Gray's page #85 2 bone (Gray's s18) 2.1 Gray's page #86 2.2 Gray's page #87 2.3 Gray's page #88 2.4 Gray's page #89 2.5 Gray's page #90 2.6 Gray's page #91 2.7 Gray's page #92 2.8 Gray's page #93 2.9 Gray's page #94 2.10 Gray's page #95 3 the vertebral column (Gray's s19) 3.1 Gray's page #96 3.2 general characteristics of a vertebra (Gray's s20) 3.2.1 Gray's page #96 3.2.2 Gray's page #97 3.2.3 the cervical vertebrae (Gray's s21) 3.2.3.1 Gray's page #97 3.2.3.2 Gray's page #98 3.2.3.3 Gray's page #99 3.2.3.4 Gray's page #100 3.2.3.5 Gray's page #101 3.2.3.6 Gray's page #102 3.2.4 the thoracic vertebrae (Gray's s22) 3.2.4.1 Gray's page #102 3.2.4.2 Gray's page #104 3.2.5 the lumbar vertebrae (Gray's s23) 3.2.5.1 Gray's page #104 3.2.5.2 Gray's page #106 3.2.6 the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae (Gray's s24) 3.2.6.1 Gray's page #106 3.2.6.2 Gray's page #107 3.2.6.3 Gray's page #108 3.2.6.4 Gray's page #110 3.2.6.5 Gray's page #111 3.2.6.6 Gray's page #112 3.2.6.7 Gray's page #113 3.3 the vertebral column as a whole (Gray's s25) 3.3.1 Gray's page #114 3.3.2 Gray's page #115 4 the thorax (Gray's s26) 4.1 Gray's page #116 4.2 Gray's page #117 4.3 Gray's page #118 4.4 the sternum (Gray's s27) 4.4.1 Gray's page #119 4.4.2 Gray's page #120 4.4.3 Gray's page #121 4.4.4 Gray's page #123 4.5 the ribs (Gray's s28) 4.5.1 Gray's page #123 4.5.2 Gray's page #124 4.5.3 Gray's page #125 4.5.4 Gray's page #126 4.6 the costal cartilages (Gray's s29) 4.6.1 Gray's page #127 5 the skull (Gray's s30) 5.1 Gray's page #128 5.2 the cranial bones 5.2.1 the occipital bone (Gray's s31) 5.2.1.1 Gray's page #129 5.2.1.2 Gray's page #130 5.2.1.3 Gray's page #131 5.2.1.4 Gray's page #132 5.2.2 the parietal bone (Gray's s32) 5.2.2.1 Gray's page #133 5.2.2.2 Gray's page #134 5.2.2.3 Gray's page #135 5.2.3 the frontal bone (Gray's s33) 5.2.3.1 Gray's page #135 5.2.3.2 Gray's page #136 5.2.3.3 Gray's page #137 5.2.3.4 Gray's page #138 5.2.4 the temporal bone (Gray's s34) 5.2.4.1 Gray's page #138 5.2.4.2 Gray's page #139 5.2.4.3 Gray's page #140 5.2.4.4 Gray's page #141 5.2.4.5 Gray's page #142 5.2.4.6 Gray's page #143 5.2.4.7 Gray's page #144 5.2.4.8 Gray's page #145 5.2.4.9 Gray's page #146 5.2.5 the sphenoid bone (Gray's s35) 5.2.5.1 Gray's page #147 5.2.5.2 Gray's page #148 5.2.5.3 Gray's page #149 5.2.5.4 Gray's page #150 5.2.5.5 Gray's page #151 5.2.5.6 Gray's page #152 5.2.6 ethmoid bone (Gray's s36) 5.2.6.1 Gray's page #153 5.2.6.2 Gray's page #154 5.2.6.3 Gray's page #155 5.2.6.4 Gray's page #156 5.3 the facial bones 5.3.1 the nasal bones (Gray's s37) 5.3.1.1 Gray's page #156 5.3.2 the maxillæ (upper jaw) (Gray's s38) 5.3.2.1 Gray's page #157 5.3.2.2 Gray's page #158 5.3.2.3 Gray's page #159 5.3.2.4 Gray's page #160 5.3.2.5 Gray's page #161 5.3.2.6 Gray's page #162 5.3.2.7 Gray's page #163 5.3.3 the lacrimal bone (Gray's s39) 5.3.3.1 Gray's page #163 5.3.3.2 Gray's page #164 5.3.4 the zygomatic bone (Gray's s40) 5.3.4.1 Gray's page #164 5.3.4.2 Gray's page #165 5.3.4.3 Gray's page #166 5.3.5 the palatine bone (Gray's s41) 5.3.5.1 Gray's page #166 5.3.5.2 Gray's page #167 5.3.5.3 Gray's page #168 5.3.5.4 Gray's page #169 5.3.6 the inferior nasal concha (Gray's s42) 5.3.6.1 Gray's page #169 5.3.7 the vomer (Gray's s43) 5.3.7.1 Gray's page #170 5.3.7.2 Gray's page #171 5.3.8 the mandible (lower jaw) (Gray's s44) 5.3.8.1 Gray's page #172 5.3.8.2 Gray's page #173 5.3.8.3 Gray's page #174 5.3.8.4 Gray's page #175 5.3.9 the hyoid bone (Gray's s45) 5.3.9.1 Gray's page #177 5.3.9.2 Gray's page #178 5.4 the exterior of the skull (Gray's s46) 5.4.1 Norma verticalis 5.4.1.1 Gray's page #178 5.4.2 Norma basalis 5.4.2.1 Gray's page #179 5.4.2.2 Gray's page #180 5.4.2.3 Gray's page #181 5.4.2.4 Gray's page #182 5.4.3 Norma lateralis 5.4.3.1 Gray's page #182 5.4.3.2 Gray's page #183 5.4.3.3 Gray's page #184 5.4.3.4 Gray's page #185 5.4.4 Norma occipitalis 5.4.4.1 Gray's page #185 5.4.5 Norma frontalis 5.4.5.1 Gray's page #185 5.4.5.2 Gray's page #186 5.4.5.3 Gray's page #187 5.4.5.4 Gray's page #188 5.4.6 Orbits 5.4.6.1 Gray's page #188 5.4.6.2 Gray's page #189 5.5 the interior of the skull (Gray's s47) 5.5.1 Gray's page #189 5.5.2 Gray's page #190 5.5.3 Gray's page #191 5.5.4 Gray's page #192 5.5.5 Gray's page #193 5.5.6 Gray's page #194 5.5.7 Gray's page #195 5.5.8 Gray's page #196 5.5.9 Gray's page #197 5.5.10 Gray's page #198 5.5.11 Gray's page #199 6 the extremities (Gray's s48) 6.1 the bones of the upper extremity 6.1.1 the clavicle (Gray's s49) 6.1.1.1 Gray's page #200 6.1.1.2 Gray's page #202 6.1.2 the scapula/Shoulder blade (Gray's s50) 6.1.2.1 Gray's page #202 6.1.2.2 Gray's page #203 6.1.2.3 Gray's page #204 6.1.2.4 Gray's page #205 6.1.2.5 Gray's page #206 6.1.2.6 Gray's page #207 6.1.2.7 Gray's page #208 6.1.3 the humerus (Gray's s51) 6.1.3.1 Gray's page #209 6.1.3.2 Gray's page #211 6.1.3.3 Gray's page #212 6.1.3.4 Gray's page #213 6.1.4 the ulna (Gray's s52) 6.1.4.1 Gray's page #214 6.1.4.2 Gray's page #215 6.1.4.3 Gray's page #218 6.1.4.4 Gray's page #219 6.1.5 the radius (Gray's s53) 6.1.5.1 Gray's page #219 6.1.5.2 Gray's page #220 6.2 the hand 6.2.1 the carpus (Gray's s54) 6.2.1.1 Gray's page #221 6.2.1.2 Gray's page #224 6.2.1.3 Gray's page #225 6.2.1.4 Gray's page #226 6.2.1.5 Gray's page #227 6.2.2 the metacarpus (Gray's s55) 6.2.2.1 Gray's page #227 6.2.2.2 Gray's page #228 6.2.3 the phalanges of the hand (Gray's s56) 6.2.3.1 Gray's page #230 6.3 the bones of the lower extremity 6.3.1 the hip bone (Gray's s57) 6.3.1.1 Gray's page #231 6.3.2 Ilium 6.3.2.1 Gray's page #231 6.3.2.2 Gray's page #232 6.3.2.3 Gray's page #233 6.3.2.4 Gray's page #234 6.3.3 Ischium 6.3.3.1 Gray's page #235 6.3.4 Pubis 6.3.4.1 Gray's page #236 6.3.4.2 Gray's page #237 6.3.5 the pelvis (Gray's s58) 6.3.5.1 Gray's page #238 6.3.5.2 Gray's page #239 6.3.5.3 Gray's page #240 6.3.5.4 Gray's page #241 6.3.6 the femur (Gray's s59) 6.3.6.1 Gray's page #242 6.3.6.2 Gray's page #243 6.3.6.3 Gray's page #244 6.3.6.4 Gray's page #245 6.3.6.5 Gray's page #246 6.3.6.6 Gray's page #247 6.3.6.7 Gray's page #248 6.3.6.8 Gray's page #255 6.3.7 the patella (Gray's s60) 6.3.7.1 Gray's page #255 6.3.8 the tibia (Gray's s61) 6.3.8.1 Gray's page #256 6.3.8.2 Gray's page #257 6.3.8.3 Gray's page #258 6.3.8.4 Gray's page #259 6.3.8.5 Gray's page #260 6.3.9 the fibula (Gray's s62) 6.3.9.1 Gray's page #260 6.3.9.2 Gray's page #261 6.3.9.3 Gray's page #262 6.4 the foot 6.4.1 the tarsus (Gray's s63) 6.4.1.1 Gray's page #263 6.4.1.2 Gray's page #266 6.4.1.3 Gray's page #267 6.4.1.4 Gray's page #269 6.4.1.5 Gray's page #270 6.4.1.6 Gray's page #271 6.4.2 the metatarsus (Gray's s64) 6.4.2.1 Gray's page #272 6.4.2.2 Gray's page #273 6.4.2.3 Gray's page #274 6.4.3 the phalanges of the foot (Gray's s65) 6.4.3.1 Gray's page #275 6.4.4 comparison of the bones of the hand and foot (Gray's s66) 6.4.4.1 Gray's page #276 6.4.5 the sesamoid bones (Gray's s67) 6.4.5.1 Gray's page #277 7 See also

Introduction (Gray's s17)

Gray's page #79

• classes
  • Long bones
    • body, or diaphysis
    • medullary canal
    • epiphyses
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
    • tables of the skull
    • vitreous table

Gray's page #80

• classes
  • Flat bones
    • diploë
  • Irregular bones
• Surfaces of bones
  • articular eminences
  • articular depressions
  • non-articular eminences
    • tuberosity, protuberance, or process
    • tubercle
    • spine
    • ridge, crest, or line
  • non-articular depressions
    • fossæ, pits, depressions, grooves, furrows, fissures, notches
  • perforation/passage
    • foramen
    • canal

Development of the Skeleton

Gray's page #80

• Skeleton
  • axial skeleton
  • appendicular skeleton
• Vertebral column
  • primitive segments
  • intersegmental septa
  • myocœl
  • cutis-plate
  • muscle-plate
  • sclerotome
  • sclerotogenous layer

Gray's page #81

• Vertebral column
  • membranous vertebral column

Gray's page #82

• Vertebral column
  • cartilaginous vertebral column
  • hypochordal bar or brace
  • nucleus pulposus
• Ribs
  • primitive costal arches

Gray's page #83

• Sternum
  • sternal plate
• Skull

Gray's page #84

• Skull
  • membranous cranium
  • chondrocranium
  • chordal or vertebral portion
  • prechordal or prevertebral portion
  • trabeculae cranii
  • parachordal cartilages

Gray's page #85

• • cartilaginous ear-capsules
  • trabeculae cranii
  • ethmoidal plate
  • dermal or covering bones

bone (Gray's s18)

Gray's page #86

• Structure and Physical Properties
  • compact tissue
  • cancellous tissue

Gray's page #87

• medullary mem
• Periosteum
  • granular corpuscles or osteoblasts
• Marrow

Gray's page #88

• Marrow
  • myelocytes
  • erythroblasts or normoblasts
  • Giant cells (myeloplaxes, osteoclasts)
  • Howship's foveolæ
• Vessels and Nerves of Bone
  • blood vessels
  • medullary artery or nutrient artery

Gray's page #89

• Vessels and Nerves of Bone
  • veins
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Nerves
• Minute Anatomy
  • Haversian systems
  • Haversian canal
  • lamellæ
  • lacunæ
  • canaliculi
  • interstitial lamellæ
  • circumferential lamellæ

Gray's page #90

• Minute Anatomy
  • primary or fundamental lamellæ
  • secondary or special lamellæ
  • Haversian canals
  • lamellæ
  • perforating fibers
  • Lacunæ

Gray's page #91

• Minute Anatomy
  • bone-cell
  • bone-corpuscle
  • Canaliculi
  • bone cells
• Ossification
  • intramembranous ossification

Gray's page #92

• Ossification
  • intramembranous ossification
    • osteoblasts
    • Osteogenetic fibers

Gray's page #93

• Ossification
  • intercartilaginous ossification
    • epiphysial cartilage
    • center of ossification
    • primary areolæ
    • perichondrium

Gray's page #94

• Ossification
  • osteoblasts, or bone-formers
  • osteoclasts, or bone-destroyers
  • secondary areolæ or medullary spaces

Gray's page #95

• Ossification
  • epiphyses
    • pressure epiphyses
    • traction epiphyses
    • atavistic epiphyses

the vertebral column (Gray's s19)

Gray's page #96

• Columna Vertebralis; Spinal column

general characteristics of a vertebra (Gray's s20)

Gray's page #96

• typical vertebra
• vertebral foramen
• intervertebral foramina
• body of vertebra (corpus vertebræ)

Gray's page #97

• body of vertebra (corpus vertebræ)
• vertebral arch or neural arch (posterior part)
  • pedicle of vertebral arch (radices arci vertebræ)
    • vertebral notches
  • lamina of the vertebral arch
• processes of vertebra
  • 1 Spinous process (processus spinosus)
  • 4 Articular processes
  • 2 Transverse processes (processus transversi)

the cervical vertebrae (Gray's s21)

Gray's page #97

• cervical vertebræ
  • body
  • anterior surface
  • posterior surface

Gray's page #98

• upper surface
• lower surface
• pedicles
• laminae
• vertebral foramen
• spinous process
• superior articular process
• inferior articular process
• transverse processes
• foramen transversarium
• costal process or costal element
• anterior tubercle
• posterior tubercle

Gray's page #99

• First cervical vertebra (atlas)
  • anterior arch
  • anterior tubercle
  • posterior arch
  • posterior tubercle
  • fovea dentis
  • dens (anatomy)
  • sulcus arteriae vertebralis
  • inferior vertebral notches
  • lateral masses
  • superior facets

Gray's page #100

• First cervical vertebra (atlas)
  • inferior articular facets
  • transverse processes
• second cervical vertebra (epistropheus or axis)
  • body
  • dens or odontoid process
  • apex

Gray's page #101

• second cervical vertebra (epistropheus or axis)
  • pedicles
  • laminae
  • transverse processes
  • superior articular surfaces
  • inferior articular surfaces
  • superior vertebral notches
  • inferior vertebral notches
  • spinous process
• Seventh cervical vertebra (Vertebra prominens )
  • transverse processes

Gray's page #102

• Seventh cervical vertebra (Vertebra prominens )
  • cervical rib

the thoracic vertebrae (Gray's s22)

Gray's page #102

• thoracic vertebræ

Gray's page #104

• First thoracic vertebra
• Ninth thoracic vertebra
• Tenth thoracic vertebra
• Eleventh thoracic vertebra
• Twelfth thoracic vertebra

the lumbar vertebrae (Gray's s23)

Gray's page #104

• lumbar vertebræ

Gray's page #106

• tubercles
  • mammillary process
  • accessory process
• Fifth lumbar vertebra

the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae (Gray's s24)

Gray's page #106

• Sacrum (os sacrum)
  • sacrovertebral angle
• Pelvic surface of sacrum (facies pelvina)
  • transverse ridges
  • anterior sacral foramina
  • lateral parts of the sacrum

Gray's page #107

• Dorsal surface of sacrum (facies dorsalis)
  • middle sacral crest
  • sacral groove
  • sacral articular crests

Gray's page #108

• Dorsal surface of sacrum (facies dorsalis)
  • sacral cornua
  • posterior sacral foramina
  • lateral crests
• Lateral surface of sacrum
  • auricular surface
  • sacral tuberosity
  • inferior lateral angle
• base of the sacrum (basis oss. sacri)

Gray's page #110

• base of the sacrum (basis oss. sacri)
  • ala of sacrum
• Apex of the sacrum (apex oss. sacri)
• Vertebral canal (canalis sacralis; sacral canal)

Gray's page #111

• Differences in the Sacrum of the Male and Female
• Coccyx (os coccygis)
  • coccygeal cornua
• Ossification of the Vertebral column

Gray's page #112

• neurocentral synchondroses

Gray's page #113

• Ossification of the Vertebral column

the vertebral column as a whole (Gray's s25)

Gray's page #114

• Curves of vertebral column

Gray's page #115

• Posterior surface
• vertebral groove
• Lateral surfaces

the thorax (Gray's s26)

Gray's page #116

• thorax or chest

Gray's page #117

• Thorax: boundaries of:
• Thorax: skeleton of:
• upper opening of the thorax

Gray's page #118

• lower opening of the thorax
• subcostal angle

the sternum (Gray's s27)

Gray's page #119

• sternum (breast bone)

Gray's page #120

• Manubrium (manubrium sterni)
  • jugular notch or presternal notch
• Body of sternum (corpus sterni; gladiolus)

Gray's page #121

• Body of sternum (corpus sterni; gladiolus)
  • sternal foramen
  • sternal angle (angulus Ludovici)
• Xiphoid process (processus xiphoideus; ensiform or xiphoid appendix)

Gray's page #123

• fissura sterni

the ribs (Gray's s28)

Gray's page #123

• ribs (Costæ)
  • true ribs or vertebro-sternal ribs
  • false ribs
  • vertebro-chondral ribs
  • floating ribs or vertebral ribs
  • intercostal spaces
• Common Characteristics of the Ribs
• Posterior Extremity
  • crista colli costœ

Gray's page #124

• Posterior Extremity
  • head of rib
  • neck of rib
  • tubercle of rib
    • articular portion
    • non-articular portion
• body or shaft
  • angle
  • costal groove

Gray's page #125

• Anterior extremity or sternal extremity
• Peculiar ribs
  • First rib
    • scalene tubercle
  • Second rib

Gray's page #126

• Peculiar ribs
  • Tenth rib
  • Eleventh rib and Twelfth rib

the costal cartilages (Gray's s29)

Gray's page #127

• costal cartilages (Cartilagines Costales)

the skull (Gray's s30)

Gray's page #128

• skull
• cranium
• skeleton of the face

the cranial bones

the occipital bone (Gray's s31)

Gray's page #129

• occipital bone
• foramen magnum
• squama (squama occipitalis)
  • external surface
    • external occipital protuberance
    • highest nuchal line

Gray's page #130

• squama (squama occipitalis)
  • external surface
    • superior nuchal line
    • planum occipitale
    • planum nuchale
    • median nuchal line
    • inferior nuchal line
  • internal surface
    • cruciate eminence
    • internal occipital protuberance

Gray's page #131

• squama (squama occipitalis)
  • internal surface
    • sagittal sulcus
    • internal occipital crest
    • vermian fossa
    • confluence of the sinuses
• Lateral parts of occipital bone (pars lateralis)
  • under surfaces of the lateral part
    • condyles
    • hypoglossal canal (anterior condyloid foramen)
    • condyloid fossa
    • condyloid canal
    • jugular process
    • jugular notch
    • intrajugular process
    • paramastoid process
  • upper surface of the lateral part
    • jugular tubercle

Gray's page #132