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Contents 1 the respiratory apparatus (Gray's s235) 1.1 Gray's page #1071 1.2 the larynx (Gray's s236) 1.2.1 Gray's page #1072 1.2.2 Cartilages of the larynx (cartilagines laryngis) 1.2.2.1 Gray's page #1073 1.2.2.2 Gray's page #1074 1.2.2.3 Gray's page #1075 1.2.3 Ligaments 1.2.3.1 Gray's page #1076 1.2.3.2 Gray's page #1077 1.2.3.3 Gray's page #1078 1.2.4 Interior of the Larynx 1.2.4.1 Gray's page #1078 1.2.4.2 Gray's page #1079 1.2.4.3 Gray's page #1080 1.2.5 Muscles 1.2.5.1 Gray's page #1081 1.2.5.2 Gray's page #1082 1.2.5.3 Gray's page #1083 1.2.6 Glands 1.2.6.1 Gray's page #1084 1.3 the trachea and bronchi (Gray's s237) 1.3.1 Gray's page #1084 1.3.2 Gray's page #1085 1.3.3 Gray's page #1086 1.3.4 Gray's page #1087 1.4 the pleurae (Gray's s238) 1.4.1 Gray's page #1087 1.4.2 Gray's page #1088 1.4.3 Gray's page #1089 1.4.4 Gray's page #1090 1.5 the mediastinum (Gray's s239) 1.5.1 Gray's page #1090 1.5.2 Gray's page #1092 1.5.3 Gray's page #1093 1.6 the lungs (Gray's s240) 1.6.1 Gray's page #1093 1.6.2 Gray's page #1094 1.6.3 Gray's page #1095 1.6.4 Gray's page #1096 1.6.5 Gray's page #1097 1.6.6 Gray's page #1098 1.6.7 Gray's page #1099 1.6.8 Gray's page #1100 2 the digestive apparatus (Gray's s241) 2.1 Gray's page #1100 2.2 Gray's page #1101 2.3 Gray's page #1102 2.4 Gray's page #1103 2.5 Gray's page #1104 2.6 Gray's page #1106 2.7 Gray's page #1107 2.8 Gray's page #1108 2.9 Gray's page #1109 2.10 Gray's page #1110 2.11 the mouth (Gray's s242) 2.11.1 Gray's page #1110 2.11.2 Gray's page #1111 2.11.3 Gray's page #1112 2.11.4 Teeth (dentes) 2.11.4.1 Gray's page #1112 2.11.4.2 Gray's page #1113 2.11.4.3 Gray's page #1114 2.11.4.4 Gray's page #1115 2.11.4.5 Gray's page #1116 2.11.4.6 Gray's page #1117 2.11.4.7 Gray's page #1118 2.11.4.8 Gray's page #1119 2.11.4.9 Gray's page #1120 2.11.4.10 Gray's page #1122 2.11.4.11 Gray's page #1123 2.11.4.12 Gray's page #1124 2.11.5 Tongue (lingua) 2.11.5.1 Gray's page #1125 2.11.5.2 Gray's page #1126 2.11.5.3 Gray's page #1127 2.11.5.4 Gray's page #1128 2.11.5.5 Gray's page #1129 2.11.5.6 Gray's page #1130 2.11.5.7 Gray's page #1131 2.11.5.8 Gray's page #1132 2.11.6 Salivary glands 2.11.6.1 Gray's page #1132 2.11.6.2 Gray's page #1134 2.11.6.3 Gray's page #1135 2.11.6.4 Gray's page #1136 2.11.6.5 Gray's page #1137 2.12 the fauces (Gray's s243) 2.12.1 Gray's page #1137 2.12.2 Gray's page #1138 2.12.3 Gray's page #1139 2.12.4 Gray's page #1140 2.12.5 Gray's page #1141 2.13 the pharynx (Gray's s244) 2.13.1 Gray's page #1141 2.13.2 Gray's page #1142 2.13.3 Gray's page #1143 2.14 the esophagus (Gray's s245) 2.14.1 Gray's page #1144 2.14.2 Gray's page #1145 2.14.3 Gray's page #1146 2.15 the abdomen (Gray's s246) 2.15.1 Gray's page #1147 2.15.2 Gray's page #1148 2.15.3 Gray's page #1149 2.15.4 Gray's page #1150 2.15.5 Main peritoneal cavity (greater sac) 2.15.5.1 Gray's page #1150 2.15.5.2 Gray's page #1151 2.15.5.3 Gray's page #1152 2.15.6 Omental bursa (lesser peritoneal sac) 2.15.6.1 Gray's page #1152 2.15.6.2 Gray's page #1153 2.15.7 Horizontal Disposition of the Peritoneum 2.15.7.1 Gray's page #1154 2.15.7.2 Gray's page #1155 2.15.7.3 Gray's page #1156 2.15.7.4 Gray's page #1157 2.15.7.5 Gray's page #1158 2.15.8 Peritoneal recesses or Fossæ (retroperitoneal fossæ) 2.15.8.1 Gray's page #1158 2.15.8.2 Gray's page #1159 2.15.8.3 Gray's page #1160 2.15.8.4 Gray's page #1161 2.16 the stomach (Gray's s247) 2.16.1 Gray's page #1161 2.16.2 Gray's page #1162 2.16.3 Gray's page #1163 2.16.4 Gray's page #1164 2.16.5 Gray's page #1165 2.16.6 Gray's page #1166 2.16.7 Gray's page #1167 2.17 the small intestine (Gray's s248) 2.17.1 Gray's page #1168 2.17.2 Gray's page #1169 2.17.3 Gray's page #1170 2.17.4 Gray's page #1171 2.17.5 Gray's page #1172 2.17.6 Gray's page #1173 2.17.7 Gray's page #1174 2.17.8 Gray's page #1176 2.17.9 Gray's page #1177 2.18 the large intestine (Gray's s249) 2.18.1 Gray's page #1177 2.18.2 Gray's page #1178 2.18.3 Gray's page #1179 2.18.4 Gray's page #1180 2.18.5 Gray's page #1181 2.18.6 Gray's page #1182 2.18.7 Gray's page #1183 2.18.8 Gray's page #1184 2.18.9 Gray's page #1185 2.18.10 Gray's page #1186 2.18.11 Gray's page #1187 2.19 the liver (Gray's s250) 2.19.1 Gray's page #1188 2.19.2 Surfaces of liver 2.19.2.1 Gray's page #1189 2.19.2.2 Gray's page #1190 2.19.2.3 Gray's page #1191 2.19.3 Fossæ 2.19.3.1 Gray's page #1191 2.19.4 Lobes 2.19.4.1 Gray's page #1191 2.19.4.2 Gray's page #1192 2.19.5 Ligaments 2.19.5.1 Gray's page #1192 2.19.5.2 Gray's page #1193 2.19.6 Development of liver 2.19.6.1 Gray's page #1193 2.19.7 Vessels and Nerves 2.19.7.1 Gray's page #1194 2.19.8 Structure of the Liver 2.19.8.1 Gray's page #1195 2.19.9 Microscopic Appearance 2.19.9.1 Gray's page #1196 2.19.9.2 Gray's page #1197 2.19.10 Excretory Apparatus of the Liver 2.19.10.1 Gray's page #1197 2.19.10.2 Gray's page #1198 2.19.10.3 Gray's page #1199 2.20 the pancreas (Gray's s251) 2.20.1 Gray's page #1199 2.20.2 Gray's page #1200 2.20.3 Gray's page #1201 2.20.4 Gray's page #1202 2.20.5 Gray's page #1203 2.20.6 Gray's page #1204 3 the urogenital apparatus 3.1 development of the urinary and generative organs (Gray's s252) 3.1.1 Gray's page #1204 3.1.2 Gray's page #1205 3.1.3 Gray's page #1206 3.1.4 Gray's page #1207 3.1.5 Gray's page #1210 3.1.6 Gray's page #1211 3.1.7 Gray's page #1212 3.1.8 Gray's page #1213 3.1.9 Gray's page #1214 3.1.10 Gray's page #1215 3.2 the urinary organs 3.2.1 the kidneys (Gray's s253) 3.2.1.1 Gray's page #1215 3.2.1.2 Gray's page #1217 3.2.1.3 Gray's page #1218 3.2.1.4 Gray's page #1219 3.2.1.5 Gray's page #1220 3.2.1.6 Gray's page #1221 3.2.1.7 Gray's page #1222 3.2.1.8 Gray's page #1223 3.2.1.9 Gray's page #1224 3.2.1.10 Gray's page #1225 3.2.2 the ureters (Gray's s254) 3.2.2.1 Gray's page #1225 3.2.2.2 Gray's page #1226 3.2.2.3 Gray's page #1227 3.2.3 the urinary bladder (Gray's s255) 3.2.3.1 Gray's page #1227 3.2.3.2 Gray's page #1228 3.2.3.3 Gray's page #1229 3.2.3.4 Gray's page #1230 3.2.3.5 Gray's page #1231 3.2.3.6 Gray's page #1232 3.2.3.7 Gray's page #1233 3.2.4 the male urethra (Gray's s256) 3.2.4.1 Gray's page #1234 3.2.4.2 Gray's page #1235 3.2.5 the female urethra (Gray's s257) 3.2.5.1 Gray's page #1236 3.3 the male genital organs 3.3.1 the testes and their coverings (Gray's s258) 3.3.1.1 Gray's page #1236 3.3.1.2 Gray's page #1237 3.3.1.3 Gray's page #1238 3.3.1.4 Gray's page #1239 3.3.1.5 Gray's page #1240 3.3.1.6 Gray's page #1242 3.3.1.7 Gray's page #1243 3.3.1.8 Gray's page #1244 3.3.2 the ductus deferens (Gray's s259) 3.3.2.1 Gray's page #1245 3.3.2.2 Gray's page #1246 3.3.3 the vesiculæ seminales (Gray's s260) 3.3.4 the ejaculatory ducts (Gray's s261) 3.3.4.1 Gray's page #1246 3.3.4.2 Gray's page #1247 3.3.5 the penis (Gray's s262) 3.3.5.1 Gray's page #1247 3.3.5.2 Gray's page #1248 3.3.5.3 Gray's page #1249 3.3.5.4 Gray's page #1250 3.3.5.5 Gray's page #1251 3.3.6 the prostate (Gray's s263) 3.3.6.1 Gray's page #1251 3.3.6.2 Gray's page #1252 3.3.6.3 Gray's page #1253 3.3.7 the bulbourethral glands (Gray's s264) 3.3.7.1 Gray's page #1253 3.4 the female genital organs (Gray's s265) 3.4.1 Gray's page #1254 3.4.2 the ovaries (Gray's s266) 3.4.2.1 Gray's page #1254 3.4.2.2 Gray's page #1255 3.4.2.3 Gray's page #1256 3.4.3 the uterine tube (Gray's s267) 3.4.3.1 Gray's page #1257 3.4.4 the uterus (Gray's s268) 3.4.4.1 Gray's page #1258 3.4.4.2 Gray's page #1259 3.4.4.3 Gray's page #1260 3.4.4.4 Gray's page #1261 3.4.4.5 Gray's page #1262 3.4.4.6 Gray's page #1263 3.4.5 the vagina (Gray's s269) 3.4.5.1 Gray's page #1264 3.4.6 the external genital organs (Gray's s270) 3.4.6.1 Gray's page #1264 3.4.6.2 Gray's page #1265 3.4.6.3 Gray's page #1266 3.4.7 the mammæ (Gray's s271) 3.4.7.1 Gray's page #1267 3.4.7.2 Gray's page #1268 4 the ductless glands 4.1 the thyroid gland (Gray's s272) 4.1.1 Gray's page #1269 4.1.2 Gray's page #1270 4.2 the parathyroid glands (Gray's s273) 4.2.1 Gray's page #1271 4.2.2 Gray's page #1272 4.3 the thymus (Gray's s274) 4.3.1 Gray's page #1273 4.3.2 Gray's page #1274 4.4 the hypophysis cerebri (Gray's s275) 4.4.1 Gray's page #1275 4.4.2 Gray's page #1276 4.4.3 Gray's page #1277 4.5 the pineal body (Gray's s276) 4.5.1 Gray's page #1277 4.6 the chromaphil and cortical systems (Gray's s277) 4.6.1 Gray's page #1277 4.6.2 Gray's page #1278 4.6.3 Gray's page #1279 4.6.4 Gray's page #1280 4.6.5 Gray's page #1281 4.7 the spleen (Gray's s278) 4.7.1 Gray's page #1282 4.7.2 Gray's page #1283 4.7.3 Gray's page #1284 4.7.4 Gray's page #1285 5 See also

the respiratory apparatus (Gray's s235)

Gray's page #1071

• Apparatus Respiratorius; Respiratory system
• Respiratory apparatus: development of:
• laryngo-tracheal tube
• lung buds
• arytenoid swellings
• furcula of His

the larynx (Gray's s236)

Gray's page #1072

• Larynx

Cartilages of the larynx (cartilagines laryngis)

Gray's page #1073

• Thyroid cartilage (cartilago thyreoidea)
  • laryngeal prominence (pomum Adami)
  • superior thyroid notch
  • oblique line

Gray's page #1074

• Thyroid cartilage (cartilago thyreoidea)
  • intrathyroid cartilage
• Cricoid cartilage (cartilago cricoidea)
  • posterior quadrate lamina (lamina cartilaginis cricoideæ; posterior portion)
  • arch (arcus cartilaginis cricoideæ; anterior portion)

Gray's page #1075

• Arytenoid cartilages (cartilagines arytænoideæ)
  • colliculus
  • crista arcuata
• Corniculate cartilages (cartilagines corniculatæ; cartilages of Santorini)
• Cuneiform cartilages (cartilagines cuneiformes; cartilages of Wrisberg)
• Epiglottis (cartilago epiglottica)
• glossoepiglottic folds
• valleculae

Ligaments

Gray's page #1076

• Extrinsic Ligaments
  • Hyothyroid membrane (membrana hyothyreoidea; thyrohyoid membrane)

Gray's page #1077

• Extrinsic Ligaments
  • middle hyothyroid ligament (ligamentum hyothyreoideum medium; middle thyrohyoid ligament)
  • Lateral hyothyroid ligament (ligamentum hyothyreoideum laterale; lateral thyrohyoid ligament)
  • hyoepiglottic ligament (ligamentum hyoepiglotticum)
  • Cricotracheal ligament (ligamentum cricotracheale)
• Intrinsic Ligaments
  • elastic membrane of the larynx

Gray's page #1078

• Intrinsic Ligaments
  • Conus elasticus (cricothyroid membrane)
  • anterior part or middle cricothyroid ligament (ligamentum cricothyreoideum medium; central part of cricothyroid membrane)
  • posterior cricoarytenoid ligament (ligamentum cricoarytenoideum posterius)
  • thyroepiglottic ligament (ligamentum thyreoepiglotticum)

Interior of the Larynx

Gray's page #1078

• cavity of the larynx (cavum laryngis)
  • rima glottidis
  • vestibule of larynx
  • ventricles of the larynx

Gray's page #1079

• entrance of the larynx
  • aryepiglottic fold
  • cuneiform tubercle
• Ventricular folds (plicœ ventriculares; superior or false vocal cords)
  • ventricular ligament
• Vocal folds (plicœ vocales; inferior or true vocal cords)
  • vocal ligaments (ligamenta vocales; inferior thyroarytenoid)

Gray's page #1080

• Ventricle of the larynx (ventriculus laryngis [Morgagnii]; laryngeal sinus)
  • appendix of the laryngeal ventricle (appendix ventriculi laryngis; laryngeal saccule)
• Rima glottidis

Muscles

Gray's page #1081

• Cricothyreoideus (Cricothyroid)

Gray's page #1082

• Cricoarytænoideus posterior (posterior cricoarytenoid)
• Cricoarytænoideus lateralis (lateral cricoarytenoid)
• Arytænoideus
  • Arytænoideus obliquus

Gray's page #1083

• Arytænoideus
  • Aryepiglotticus
  • Arytænoideus transversus
• Thyreoarytænoideus (Thyroarytenoid)
  • Vocalis
  • Thyreoepiglotticus
  • Ventricularis

Glands

Gray's page #1084

• arytenoid glands

the trachea and bronchi (Gray's s237)

Gray's page #1084

• trachea or windpipe

Gray's page #1085

• Right bronchus (bronchus dexter)
• eparterial branch
• hyparterial branch
• Left bronchus (bronchus sinister)

Gray's page #1086

• cartilages of the trachea

Gray's page #1087

• transverse fibers (Trachealis muscle)

the pleurae (Gray's s238)

Gray's page #1087

• pleura - by layer
  • pulmonary pleura
  • parietal pleura

Gray's page #1088

• pleura - by layer
  • pleural cavity
• pleura - by position
  • costal pleura
  • diaphragmatic pleura
  • cupula of the pleura (cervical pleura)
  • mediastinal pleura
• Reflections of the Pleura
  • posterior mediastinum
  • pulmonary ligament

Gray's page #1089

• Reflections of the Pleura
  • pericardial pleura
  • Sibson's fascia
  • phrenicocostal sinus

Gray's page #1090

• Reflections of the Pleura
  • costomediastinal sinus
• Pulmonary ligament (ligamentum pulmonale; ligamentum latum pulmonis)

the mediastinum (Gray's s239)

Gray's page #1090

• Interpleural space
• mediastinum
• superior mediastinum

Gray's page #1092

• lower portion
  • Anterior mediastinum
  • Middle mediastinum

Gray's page #1093

• lower portion
  • Posterior mediastinum

the lungs (Gray's s240)

Gray's page #1093

• Lungs (Pulmones)

Gray's page #1094

• Apex pulmonis
• Basis pulmonis
• Surfaces
  • costal surface (facies costalis; external or thoracic surface)

Gray's page #1095

• Surfaces
  • mediastinal surface (facies mediastinalis; inner surface)
    • cardiac impression
    • hilum of lung

Gray's page #1096

• Borders
  • inferior border of lung (margo inferior)
  • posterior border of lung (margo posterior)
  • anterior border of lung (margo anterior)
    • cardiac notch
• Fissures and Lobes of the Lungs
  • left lung
    • superior lobe
    • inferior lobe

Gray's page #1097

• Fissures and Lobes of the Lungs
  • right lung
    • superior lobe
    • middle lobe
    • inferior lobe
• Root of the lung (radix pulmonis)
• Divisions of the Bronchi
  • right bronchus
  • eparterial bronchus
  • hyparterial bronchi
  • left bronchus

Gray's page #1098

• Structure
  • intrapulmonary bronchi
  • lobular bronchioles
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • Atria of bronchi
  • alveolar sacs
  • alveoli or air sacs

Gray's page #1099

• Structure
  • alveoli

Gray's page #1100

• Vessels and Nerves
  • pulmonary artery
  • pulmonary capillaries
  • pulmonary veins
  • bronchial arteries
  • bronchial vein

the digestive apparatus (Gray's s241)

Gray's page #1100

• Digestive tube (alimentary canal)

Gray's page #1101

• Development of the Digestive tube
  • fore-gut
  • hind-gut

• Mouth
  • stomodeum

Gray's page #1102

• Mouth
  • primary labial groove
  • secondary labial groove
  • lateral swellings

• Salivary glands

• Tongue
  • tuberculum impar

Gray's page #1103

• Tongue
  • furcula
  • copula
  • foramen cecum

• Palatine tonsils

• Further Development of the Digestive tube
  • yolk-stalk or vitelline duct
  • ventral mesogastrium
  • posterior common mesentery
  • dorsal mesogastrium

Gray's page #1104

• Further Development of the Digestive tube
  • mesocolon

Gray's page #1106

• Further Development of the Digestive tube
  • bursa omentalis
  • foramen epiploicum or foramen of Winslow

Gray's page #1107

• Further Development of the Digestive tube
  • ventral mesogastrium

Gray's page #1108

• Rectum and Anal canal

Gray's page #1109

• The Rectum and Anal Canal
  • entodermal cloaca
  • cloacal membrane
  • ectodermal cloaca
  • urorectal septum
  • cloacal duct

Gray's page #1110

• The Rectum and Anal Canal
  • proctodeum
  • anal membrane
  • post-anal gut

the mouth (Gray's s242)

Gray's page #1110

• cavity of the mouth
• vestibule (vestibulum oris)
• rima
• Mouth cavity proper (cavum oris proprium)
• isthmus faucium
• mucous membrane

Gray's page #1111

• Lips (labia oris)
• frenulum
• Labial glands (glandulœ labiales)

Gray's page #1112

• Cheeks (buccæ)
• mucous membrane
• molar glands
• Gums (gingivœ)
• Palate (palatum)
• Hard palate (palatum durum)
• Soft palate (palatum molle)
• palatine velum
• palatine uvula
• pillars of the fauces

Teeth (dentes)

Gray's page #1112

• deciduous teeth

Gray's page #1113

• permanent teeth

Gray's page #1114

• General characteristics of teeth
  • crown
  • root
  • neck
  • surfaces of a tooth
    • buccal surface
    • lingual surface
    • surfaces of contact
  • dental arches

Gray's page #1115

• Permanent teeth (dentes permanentes)
  • Incisors (dentes incisivi; incisive or cutting teeth)

Gray's page #1116

• Permanent teeth (dentes permanentes)
  • Incisors (dentes incisivi; incisive or cutting teeth)
    • crown
    • basal ridge (Cingulum)
  • Canine teeth (dentes canini)

Gray's page #1117

• Permanent teeth (dentes permanentes)
  • Canine teeth (dentes canini)
    • upper canine teeth (eye teeth)
    • lower canine teeth (stomach teeth)

Gray's page #1118

• Permanent teeth (dentes permanentes)
  • Premolars or Bicuspid teeth (dentes præmolares)
  • Molar teeth (dentes molares)
    • multicuspids
    • dens serotinus or wisdom-tooth
  • Deciduous teeth (dentes decidui; temporary or milk teeth)
• Structure of the teeth
  • pulp cavity
  • dental pulp
  • odontoblasts of Waldeyer

Gray's page #1119

• Structure of the teeth
  • enamel
  • cement (crusta petrosa)
  • dentin (substantia eburnea; ivory)
  • dental canaliculi (dentinal tubules)
    • dentinal sheath of Neumann
    • Tomes' fibers or dentinal fibers

Gray's page #1120

• Structure of the teeth
  • matrix (intertubular dentin)
    • incremental lines of Salter
    • interglobular spaces
    • granular layer
    • lines of Schreger
  • enamel (substantia adamantina)
    • enamel fibers or enamel prisms (prismata adamantina)
    • parallel striae (colored lines of Retzius)
  • crusta petrosa or cement (substantia ossea)

Gray's page #1122

• Development of the deciduous teeth
  • labiodental lamina
  • dental lamina
  • common dental germ
  • dental furrow
  • special dental germs

Gray's page #1123

• Development of the deciduous teeth
  • enamel cells (adamantoblasts)
  • external enamel epithelium
  • enamel organ
  • Formation of the Enamel
    • enamel droplet
    • cuticula dentis (Nasmyth's membrane)
  • Formation of the Dentin
    • dental sac
    • odontoblasts
    • prodentin
    • dentinal fibers (Tomes' fibers)

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