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Malus, the apples, is a genus of about 30–35 species of small deciduous trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae. Other studies go as far as 55 species [1] including the domesticated Orchard Apple, or Table apple as it was formerly called (M. sylvestris domestica, derived from M. sylvestris sieversii, syn. M. pumila). The other species and subspecies are generally known as "wild apples", "crab apples", "crabapples" or "crabs", this name being derived from their small and tart fruitcitation needed. Cultivars such as 'Whitney' have been independently domesticated for better fruit qualitycitation needed.
The genus is native to the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, in Europe, Asia and North America.
Apple trees are small, typically 4–12 m tall at maturity, with a dense, twiggy crown. The leaves are 3–10 cm long, alternate, simple, with a serrated margin. The flowers are borne in corymbs, and have five petals, which may be white, pink or red, and are perfect, with usually red stamens that produce copious pollen, and an inferior ovary; flowering occurs in the spring after 50–80 growing degree days (varying greatly according to subspecies and cultivar). Apples require cross-pollination between individuals by insects (typically bees, which freely visit the flowers for both nectar and pollen); all are self-sterile, and (with the exception of a few specially developed cultivars) self-pollination is impossible, making pollinating insects essential. The honeybee and mason bee are the most effectivecitation needed insect pollinators of apples. Malus species, including domestic apples, hybridize freely. Malus species are used as food plants by the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species; see list of Lepidoptera that feed on Malus.
The fruit is a globose pome, varying in size from 1–4 cm diameter in most of the wild species, to 6 cm in M. sylvestris sieversii, 8 cm in M. sylvestris domestica, and even larger in certain cultivated orchard apples; among the largest-fruited cultivars (all of which originate in North America) are 'Wolf River' and 'Stark Jumbo' . The centre of the fruit contains five carpels arranged star-like, each containing one to two (rarely three) seeds.
One species, Malus trilobata from southwest Asia, has three- to seven-lobed leaves (superficially resembling a maple leaf) and with several structural differences in the fruit; it is often treated in a genus of its own, as Eriolobus trilobatus.
Uses
For Malus sylvestris domestica, see Apple. The fruit of the other species is not an important crop in most areas, being extremely sour and (in some species) woody, and is rarely eaten raw for this reason. However, crabapples are an excellent source of pectin, and their juice can be made into a ruby-coloured jelly with a full, spicy flavour[2]. A small percentage of crab apples in cider makes a more interesting flavour. As Old English Wergulu, the crab apple is one of the nine plants invoked in the pagan Anglo-Saxon Nine Herbs Charm, recorded in the 10th century.
Crabapples are widely grown as ornamental trees, grown for their beautiful flowers or fruit, with numerous cultivars selected for these qualities and for resistance to disease.
Some crab apples are used as rootstocks for domestic apples to add beneficial characteristics.[3] For example, varieties of Baccata, also called Siberian crab, rootstock is used to give additional cold hardiness to the combined plant for orchards in cold northern areas[4]
They are also used as pollinizers in apple orchards. Varieties of crab apple are selected to bloom contemporaneously with the apple variety in an orchard planting, and the crabs are planted every sixth or seventh tree, or limbs of a crab tree are grafted onto some of the apple trees. In emergencies, a bucket or drum bouquet of crab apple flowering branches are placed near the beehives as orchard pollenizers. See also Fruit tree pollination.
Because of the plentiful blossoms and small sized fruit, crab apples are popular for use in bonsai culture. Because the trees are small due to the requirements of the hobby, but still show the abundant fruit bearing of full sized crab apples, it is important to thin out fruit so that trees do not exhaust themselves.
Apple wood "makes a wonderfully luxurious firewood with a lovely scent, and smoke from an apple wood fire gives a most excellent flavour to smoked foods," [5] including Applewood cheese.
Notes
- ^ Phipps, J.B. et aL. (1990). "A checklist of the subfamily Maloideae (Rosaceae)". Can. J. Bot. 68: 2209. doi:.
- ^ Rombauer, I.; Becker, M. R., & Becker, E. [2002]. All About Canning & Preserving (The Joy of Cooking series). New York: Scribner, p. 72. ISBN 0-7432-1502-8.
- ^ http://www.gardening.cornell.edu/factsheets/ecogardening/appleroot.html Apple Tree Rootstocks Ecogardening Factsheet #21, Summer 1999
- ^ www.dnr.state.ak.us/ag/21Applerootstocks.pdf Alaska Dept. of Natural Resources PDF
- ^ Fraser, Ana. "Traditional Uses of Wood." 22 Aug 2005. 17 July 2008. http://www.the-tree.org.uk/TreeCultivation&Uses/Uses/usesofwood.htm#Apple%20wood
References
- Germplasm Resources Information Network: Malus
- Flora of China: Malus
- Virginia Cooperative Extension - Disease resistant crabapples
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food - Crabapple pollenizers for apples
- http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pri/default.html The PRI disease resistant apple breeding program: a cooperative among Purdue University, Rutgers, and the University of Illinois.
- Germplasm Resources Information Network: Diab
Wikipedia content modification information:
- This page was last modified on 5 October 2008, at 18:08.
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