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Non-compaction cardiomyopathy (NCC),sometimes known as "spongiform cardiomyopathy" is a rare congenital cardiomyopathy that affects both children and adults. It refers to a type of cardiomyopathy where the myocardial development is hindered while the baby is in the womb during the embryogenesis stage ^{[1] [2]}. This hindrance begins to occur around the 8 week mark in the womb. The myocardium at this period of development is often referred to looking like a sponge as it is still a meshwork of interwoven myocardial fibers. This is beneficial at this stage as there is an increased surface area which allows perfusion of the myocardium from the left ventricular cavity. However as the embryo grows the myocardium should begin to be compact, in the case of NCC though the heart fails to fully compact leaving the myocardium to still have a spongy form.

Symptoms can range however are often a result of a poor pumping performance by the heart. The disease can be associated with other problems with the heart and the body or by itself

Noncompaction of ventricular myocardium is recently included in the 2006 classification of cardiomyopathies as a genetic cardiomyopathy ^[3].

Contents 1 Description 2 Symptoms 2.1 Other Complications 3 Misdiagnosis 4 Prognosis 5 Management 6 Images 7 See also 8 Links 9 References

Description

Non-compaction cardiomyopathy can affect both ventricular walls of the heart either separately or together. However, in general it only affects the wall of the left ventricle and therefore is sometimes known as left ventricular noncompaction. Due to its recent establishment as a diagnosis, and it being unclassified as a cardiomyopathy according to the WHO, it is not fully understood how common the condition is. Some reports suggest that it is in the order of 0.12 cases per 100,000. The low number of reported cases though is due to the lack of any large population studies into the disease and have been based primarily upon patients suffering from advanced heart failure. A similar situation occurred with Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which was initially considered very rare; however is now thought to occur in one in every 500 people in the population.

Again due to this condition being established as a diagnosis recently, there are ongoing discussions as to its nature, and to various points such as the ratio of compacted to non-compacted at different age stages. However it is universally understood that non-compaction cardiomyopathy will by characterized anatomically be deep trabeculations in the ventricular wall, which define recesses communicating with the main ventricular chamber. Major clinical correlates include systolic and diastolic dysfunction, associated at times with systemic embolic events. (Weiford et al.2004)

Symptoms

Subjects' symptoms from non-compaction cardiomyopathy range widely. It is possible to be diagnosed with the condition, yet not to suffer from any of the symptoms associated with heart disease ^[1]. Likewise it possible to suffer from serve heart failure ^[2], which even though the condition is present from birth, may only manifest itself later in life.^[1]

• Breathlessness
• Fatigue
• Swelling of the ankles
• Limited physical capacity and exercise intolerance

Two conditions though that are more prevalent in noncompaction cardiomyopathy are: tachyarrhythmia which can lead to Sudden Cardiac Death and clotting of the blood in the heart.

Other Complications

The presence of NCC can also lead to other complications around the heart and elsewhere in the body. These are not nesesarily common complications and no paper has yet commented on how frequently these complicationcs occur with NCC as well.

• Heart Related
  • Abnormalities of the origin of the left coronary artery
  • Pulmonary atresia
  • Stenosis
  • Right or Left ventricle obstruction
  • Hypoplastic left ventricle
  • Mitral regurgitation

• Neuromuscular (Pertaining to both nerves and muscles)
  • Becker's muscular dystrophy
  • Mitochondrial myopathy
  • Polyneuropathy and metabolic myopathy

• Genetic related
  • Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy
  • Myotubular cardiomyopathy
  • Barth syndrome

Misdiagnosis

In a recent study^{citation needed} carried out on 53 patients with the condition in New York, 42 had been diagnosed with another form of heart disease and only in the most recent 11 cases that ventricular noncompation was diagnosed and this took several echocardiograms to confirm. The most common misdiagnoses were:

• dilated cardiomyopathy: 30 Cases
• congenital heart disease: 6 Cases
• ischemic heart disease: 2 Cases
• disease of the heart valves: 2 Cases
• dilated phase hypertensive cardiomyopathy: 1 Case
• restrictive cardiomyopathy: 1 Case

The high number of misdiagnoses can be attributed to non-compaction cardiomyopathy being first reported in 1990; diagnosis is therefore often overlooked or delayed. Advances in medical imaging equipment have made it easier to diagnose the condition, particularly with the wider use of MRIs.

Prognosis

Due to non-compaction cardiomyopathy being a relatively new disease, its impact on human life expectancy is not very well understood. In a 2005 study ^[2] which documented the long term follow up of 34 patients with NCC, 35% had died at the age of 42 +/- 40 months with a further 12% having to under go a heart transplant due to heart failure. However, this study was based upon symptomatic patients referred to a tertiary care center, and so were suffering from more severe forms of NCC than might be found typically in the population. As NCC is a genetic disease, immediate family members are being tested as a precaution which is turning up more supposedly healthy people with NCC who are asymptomatic. The long term prognosis for these people is currently unknown.

Management

One paper ^[4] has listed the various types of management of care that have been used for various types of NCC. These are similar to management programs for other types of cardiomyopathies which include the use of ACE inhibitors, beta blockers and aspirin therapy to relieve the pressure on the heart, surgical options such as the installation of pacemaker is also an option for those thought to be at a high risk of [Cardiac arrhythmia|arrhythmia] problems.

In severe cases, where NCC has led to heart failure, a heart transplant may be necessary.

Images

Two-dimensional apical four chamber and parasternal short axis images at the level of the ventricles show dilatation of both ventricles, multiple trabeculae and intertrabecular recesses in inferior, lateral, anterior walls, middle and apical portions of the septum and apex of the left ventricle. [1]

Transthoracic two-dimensional study with color and continuous wave Doppler shows left ventricular noncompaction associated with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). [2]

Transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiogram in apical four chamber and parasternal short axis at the level of both ventricles demonstrate dilatation, deep trabeculae and intertrabecular recesses in the inferior, lateral, anterior walls, middle and apical portions of the septum and apex of the left ventricle. [3]

Two-dimensional parasternal and color Doppler images at the level of both ventricles that show the noncompacted:compacted wall ratio and how the color enters the intertrabecular recesses [4]

See also

Barth syndrome, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, myotubular myopathy, genes responsible for NCC are located also in the area that cause these conditions.

Links

• Autoantibody causing cardiac damage
• Myocardial antibody
• MRI video of heart with NCC

References

• "Non-compaction of Myocardium Cardiomyopathy". Yale University. Retrieved on June 13, 2007.
• "Cardiomyopathy Caused by Isolated Noncompaction of the Left Ventricle in Adults". Medscape Cardiology. Retrieved on June 13, 2007.
• "Non-compacted Cardiomyopathy: Clinical-Echocardiographic Study". Medscape Cardiology. Retrieved on June 13, 2007.
• "Left Ventriuclar noncompaction". Orphanet. Retrieved on June 14, 2007.
• "Left Ventricular Non-compaction". Baylor College of Medicine. Retrieved on June 15, 2007.
• "Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies". American Heart Association Scientific Statement. Retrieved on June 15, 2007.
• Towbin JA, Bowles NE (2002). "The failing heart". Nature 415 (6868): 227–33. doi:10.1038/415227a. PMID 11805847. 
• Moreira FC, Miglioransa MH, Mautone MP, Müller KR, Lucchese F (2006). "Noncompaction of the left ventricle: a new cardiomyopathy is presented to the clinician". Sao Paulo Med J 124 (1): 31–5. doi:/S1516-31802006000100007. PMID 16612460. 
• "Non-compaction of the Left Ventricular Myocardium - From Clinical Observation to the Discovery of a New Disease". Touch Cardiology. Retrieved on June 26, 2007.
• Weiford BC, Subbarao VD, Mulhern KM (2004). "Noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium". Circulation 109 (24): 2965–71. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000132478.60674.D0. PMID 15210614. 

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