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Osmotic shock or osmotic stress is a sudden change in the solute concentration around a cell, causing a rapid change in the movement of water across its cell membrane. Under conditions of high concentrations of either salts, substrates or any solute in the supernatant water is drawn out of the cells through osmosis. This also inhibits the transport of substrates and cofactors into the cell thus “shocking” the cell. Alternatively, at low concentrations of solutes, water enters the cell in large amounts, causing it to swell and either burst or undergo apoptosis.[1]
All organisms have mechanisms to respond to osmotic shock, with sensors and signal transduction networks providing information to the cell about the osmolarity of its surroundings,[2] these signals activate responses to deal with extreme conditions.[3] Although single-celled organisms are more vulnerable to osmotic shock, since they are directly exposed to their environment, cells in large animals such as mammals still suffer these stresses under some conditions.[4]
Calcium acts as one of the primary regulators of osmotic stress. Intracellular calcium levels rise during hypo-osmotic and hyper-osmotic stresses. During hyper-osmotic stress extracellular albumin binds calcium.
Contents |
Recovery and Tolerance Mechanisms for Hyper-osmotic Stress
Extracellular sequestering of Calcium by blood Albumin
Transient intracellular Ca2+ increase.
Recovery and Tolerance Mechanisms for Hypo-osmotic Stress
Intracellular Ca2+ increase and Extracellular ATP Release[5]
Calcium dependent efflux of the osmolyte Taurine. Extracellular calcium removal was found to prevent Taurine efflux by 50%, and removal of extracellular Ca2+ and simultaneous depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores with thapsigargin decreased it by 85%.[6].
Osmotic Damage in Humans
See Osmotic_demyelination_syndrome
References
- ^ Lang KS, Lang PA, Bauer C, et al (2005). "Mechanisms of suicidal erythrocyte death". Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 15 (5): 195–202. doi:. PMID 15956782.
- ^ Kültz D, Burg M (1998). "Evolution of osmotic stress signaling via MAP kinase cascades". J. Exp. Biol. 201 (Pt 22): 3015–21. PMID 9787121.
- ^ Kültz D (2007). "Osmotic stress sensing and signaling in animals". FEBS journal 274 (22): 5781–5781. doi:. PMID 17944944.
- ^ Ho SN (2006). "Intracellular water homeostasis and the mammalian cellular osmotic stress response". J. Cell. Physiol. 206 (1): 9–15. doi:. PMID 15965902.
- ^ Hélène Ollivier, Karine Pichavant-Rafini, Eneour Puill-Stephan, Patrick Calvès, Liliane Nonnotte and Guy Nonnotte (2006). "Effects of hypo-osmotic stress on ATP release in isolated turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) hepatocytes". Biol. Cell 98 (7): 427–437. doi:. PMID 16519627.
- ^ Olivero P, Stutzin A. (2004). "Calcium modulates osmosensitive taurine efflux in HeLa cells.". Neurochem Res. 29 (1): 169–76. doi:. PMID 14992276.
See also
- Osmolyte
- Myo-Inositol
- Taurine and Taurine-transporting ATPase
- Creatine
- Betaines
- Trimethylglycine - A Betaine and metabolite of Choline
- Sorbitol
- Glycerophosphocholine
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