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Psychology ( Greek: ψυχολογία) is the academic and applied study of behavior, mind, and their underlying mechanisms. It primarily applies to humans but can also be applied to non-humans such as animals or artificial systems. Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of activity, including problems of human beings' daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. The field contains a range of sub-areas (for instance, the studies of development, personality, and language), as well as many different theoretical orientations (such as behaviorism, evolutionary psychology, and psychoanalysis). Psychology draws from a number of other fields of study, including biology, sociology, anthropology, and philosophy.
Memory is the ability of the brain to store, retain, and subsequently recall information. Although traditional studies of memory began in the realms of philosophy, the late nineteenth and early twentieth century put memory within the paradigms of cognitive psychology. In the recent decades, it has become one of the principal pillars of a new branch of science that represents a marriage between cognitive psychology and neuroscience, called cognitive neuroscience.
There are several ways of classifying memories, based on duration, nature and retrieval of information. From an information processing perspective there are three main stages in the formation and retrieval of memory:
- Encoding (processing and combining of received information)
- Storage (creation of a permanent record of the encoded information)
- Retrieval/Recall (calling back the stored information in response to some cue for use in some process or activity)
- "Rationalization may be defined as self-deception by reasoning." — Karen Horney
- "Knowing reality means constructing systems of transformations that correspond, more or less adequately, to reality." — Jean Piaget
Karen Horney [horn-eye], née Danielsen was a German Freudian psychoanalyst of Norwegian and Dutch descent. Her theories questioned some traditional Freudian views, particularly his theory of sexuality, as well as the instinct orientation of psychoanalysis and its genetic psychology. As such, she is often classified as " neo-Freudian".
From her experiences as a psychiatrist, Horney named ten patterns of neurotic needs according to what she called coping strategies.
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