This MedLibrary.org supplementary page on Proto-Indo-Iranian is provided directly from the open source Wikipedia as a service to our readers. Please see the note below on authorship of this content, as well as the Wikipedia usage guidelines. To search for other content from our encyclopedia supplement, please use the form below:
Related Sponsors
|
Indo-European topics |
|---|
| Indo-European languages |
| Albanian · Armenian · Baltic Celtic · Germanic · Greek Indo-Iranian (Indo-Aryan, Iranian) Italic · Slavic extinct: Anatolian · Paleo-Balkans (Dacian, |
| Indo-European peoples |
| Albanians · Armenians Balts · Celts · Germanic peoples Greeks · Indo-Aryans Iranians · Latins · Slavs historical: Anatolians (Hittites, Luwians) |
| Proto-Indo-Europeans |
| Language · Society · Religion |
| Urheimat hypotheses |
| Kurgan hypothesis Anatolia · Armenia · India · PCT |
| Indo-European studies |
Proto-Indo-Iranian, is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European. Its speakers, the hypothetical Proto-Indo-Iranians, are assumed to have lived in the late 3rd millennium BC, and are usually connected with the early Andronovo archaeological horizon.
Proto-Indo-Iranian was a Satem language, likely removed less than a millennium from the late Proto-Indo-European language, and in turn removed less than a millennium from the Vedic Sanskrit of the Rigveda. It is the ancestor of the Indo-Aryan languages, the Iranian languages, the Dardic languages and the Nuristani languages. The main phonological change separating Proto-Indo-Iranian from Proto-Indo-European is the collapse of the ablauting vowels *e, *o, *a into a single vowel, Proto-Indo-Iranian *a (but see Brugmann's law). Grassmann's law, Bartholomae's law, and the Ruki sound law were also complete in Proto-Indo-Iranian.
Among the sound changes from Proto-Indo-Iranian to Indo-Aryan is the loss of the voiced sibilant *z, among those to Iranian is the de-aspiration of the PIE voiced aspirates.
| PIE | OInd/VS | Av | PIE | OInd/VS | Av | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *p | > | p | p | *ph̥atēr "father" | pitā́ "father" | pitar- "father" |
| *b | > | b | b | *bel- "strong" | bálam "strength" | - |
| *bh | > | bh | b | *bhréhatēr "brother" | bhrā́tār- "brother" | brātar- "brother |
| *t | > | t | t | *tuhxóm "thou" | tuvám "thou" | tvəm "thou" |
| *d | > | d | d | *doru "wood" | dā́ru "wood" | dāna- "grain" |
| *dh | > | dh | d | *dhohxneha- "grain" | dhānā́- "grain" | dāna- "grain" |
| *k̂ | > | ś | s | *dék̂m̥ "ten" | dáśa "ten" | dasa "ten" |
| *ĝ | > | j | z | *ĝónu "knee" | jā́nu "knee" | zānu- "knee" |
| *ĝh | > | h | z | *ĝhimós "cold" | himá- "cold, frost" | zəmaka- "winterstorm" |
| *k | > | k ~ c | x ~ č | *kruharós "bloody" | krūrá- "bloody" | xrūra- "bloody" |
| *téket "may he run" | - | tačat̰ "may he run" | ||||
| *g | > | g ~ j | g ~ z | *haéuges- "strength" | ójas- "strength" | aoǰah "strength" |
| *haugrós "strong" | ugrá- "strong" | ugra- "strong" | ||||
| *gh | > | g ~ h | g ~ z | *dl̥hxghós "long" | dīrghá- "long" | darəga- "long" |
| *dlehxghistos "longest" | - | draǰišta- "longest" | ||||
| *kw | > | k ~ c | k ~ c | *kwós "who" | káḥ "who" | kō "who" |
| *kwe "and" | ca "and" | ́ča "and" | ||||
| *gw | > | g ~ j | g ~ ǰ | *gwou- "cow" | gav- "cow" | gau- "cow" |
| *gwih3uós "alive" | jīvá- "alive" | OPer: ǰīva
- "living" |
||||
| *gwh | > | gh ~ h | g ~ ǰ | *gwhnénti "strike" (pl.) | ghnánti "strike" (pl.) | - |
| *gwhénti "strikes" | hánti "strikes" | ǰainti "strikes" | ||||
| *s | > | s | h | *septm̥ "seven" | saptá "seven" | hapta "seven" |
| *i̥ | > | y | y | *i̥ugóm "yoke" | yuga'm "yoke" | yuga- "yoke" |
| *u̥ | > | v | v | *u̥éĝheti "drives, rides" | váhati "drives" | vazaiti "travels" |
| *m | > | m | m | *méhatēr "mother" | mātár- "mother" | mātar- "mother" |
| *n | > | n | n | *nos "us" | nas "us" | nō "us" |
| *n̥ | > | a | a | *n̥- "un-" | a- "un-" | a- "un-" |
| *m̥ | > | a | a | *k̂m̥tóm "hundred" | s'atám "hundred" | satəm "hundred" |
| *l̥ | > | r̥ | ərər | *u̥l̥kwos "wolf" | vĺ̥ka- "wolf" | vəhrka- "wolf" |
| *r̥ | > | r̥ | ərər | *k̂r̥d- "heart" | hŕ̥d- "heart" | zərəd- "heart" |
| *i | > | i | i | *linékwti "leaves" | riṇákti "leaves" | irinaxti "releases" |
| *e | > | a | a | *dék̂m̥ "ten" | dáśa "ten" | dasa "ten" |
| *ē | > | ā | ā | *hanḗr "man" | nā "man" | nā "man" |
| *a | > | a | a | *haéĝeti "drives" | ájati "drives" | azaiti "drives" |
| *ā | > | ā | ā | *méhatēr "mother" | mātā́ "mother" | mātar- "mother" |
| *o | > | a ~ ā | a ~ ā | *ĝómbhos "tooth, peg" | jā́mbha- "tooth, tusk" | - |
| *ĝónu "knee" | jānu "knee" | zānu- "knee" | ||||
| *ō | > | ā | ā | *dhohxneha- "grain" | dhānā́- "grain" | dāna- "grain" |
| *u | > | u | u | *iugóm "yoke" | yugám "yoke" | yuga- "yoke" |
| *ū | > | ū | ū | *mū́s "mouse" | mū́ṣ- "mouse" | NPer mūs "mouse" |
| *h1 | > | ⊘ | ⊘ | *h1ésti "is" | ásti "is" | asti "is" |
| *h2 | > | ⊘ | ⊘ | *h2r̥tk̂os "bear" | r̥'kṣa- "bear" | arəša- "bear" |
| *h3 | > | ⊘ | ⊘ | *h3ókws(i) "eye" | ákṣi "eye" | aši "eye" |
| *h4 | > | ⊘ | ⊘ | *h4órĝhis "testicle" | - | ərəzi- "testicle" |
| Proto-Indo-Iranian | Old Iranian (OP, Av) | Old Indic/Vedic Sanskrit |
|---|---|---|
| *açva ("horse") | Av, OP aspa | aśva |
| *bhag- | OP baj- (bāji; "tribute") | bhag- (bhaga) |
| *bhrātr- ("brother") | OP brātar | bhrātṛ |
| *bhūmī ("earth", "land") | OP būmi | bhūmī |
| *martja ("mortal, "man") | OP martya | martya |
| *māsa ("moon") | OP māha | māsa |
| *vāsara ("early") | OP vāhara ("spring") | vāsara ("morning") |
| *arta ("truth") | Av aša, OP arta | ṛta |
| *draugh- ("falsehood") | Av druj, OP draug- | druh- |
| *sauma "pressed (juice)" | Av haoma | soma |
Schleicher's fable
Carlos Quiles Casas of the Dnghu Group gives a Proto-Indo-Iranian version of Schleicher's fable [1]
- Ávis áçvās-ka. Ávis, kahja vr̥nā na āst, áçvans spaçát, áinam garúm vágham vághantam, áinam-ka mágham bháram, áinam-ka ghámanam āçu bhárantam. Ávis nu áçvabhjas ávaukat: “Ghr̥d ághnutai mai, áçvans aĵantam vram vídanti”. Áçvās tu ávaukant: “Srudhí ávi! ghr̥d ághnutai asmái vídantbhjas: nar, pátis, ávjam-r̥ vr̥nām svábhi gharmám vástram kr̥náuti”. Ávjam-ka vr̥nā na ásti. Tat sásruvas ávis áĵram ábhugat.
References
- Asko Parpola, 'The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo-European', in Blench and Spriggs (eds), Archaeology and Language III, London and New York (1999).
- Alexander Lubotsky, "The Indo-Iranian substratum" in Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European, ed. Carpelan et al., Helsinki (2001).
- ^ "Indo-Iranian Languages." Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Ed. J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997. pp. 305.
See also
| ɮ | This Indo-European languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
Wikipedia content modification information:
- This page was last modified on 18 July 2008, at 13:07.
Wikipedia Authorship and Review
Wikipedia content provided here is not reviewed directly by MedLibrary.org. Wikipedia content is authored by an open community of volunteers and is not produced by or in any way affiliated with MedLibrary.org.
Wikipedia Usage Guidelines
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article on "Proto-Indo-Iranian".
The URL for this specific entry is:
All Wikipedia text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.