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A rotavirus vaccine protects children from rotaviruses, which are the leading cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and young children.1 Each year more than 500,000 children die from diarrhoeal disease caused by rotavirus,2 and another two million are hospitalised.3 Most deaths occur in developing countries, where access to treatment is limited; however, nearly every child in the world will suffer an episode of diarrhea caused by rotavirus before age five.4
The Rotavirus Vaccine Program aims to reduce child morbidity and mortality from diarrhoeal disease by accelerating the availability of rotavirus vaccines in developing countries. The Rotavirus Vaccine Program is a collaboration between PATH, the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and is funded by the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization.5
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History
In 1998 a rotavirus vaccine (RotaShield, by Wyeth) was licensed for use in the United States. Clinical trials in the United States, Finland, and Venezuela had found it to be 80 to 100% effective at preventing severe diarrhoea caused by rotavirus A, and researchers had detected no statistically significant serious adverse effects. The manufacturer of the vaccine, however, withdrew it from the market in 1999, after it was discovered that the vaccine may have contributed to an increased risk for intussusception, or bowel obstruction, in one of every 12,000 vaccinated infants. The experience provoked intense debate about the relative risks and benefits of a rotavirus vaccine.6
In 2006, two vaccines against Rotavirus A infection were shown to be safe and effective in children: Rotarix by GlaxoSmithKline7 and RotaTeq by Merck.8 Both are taken orally and contain disabled live virus.
Rotarix
Rotarix is a human, live attenuated rotavirus vaccine containing a rotavirus strain of G1P[8] specificity.7 The licensure of Rotarix is in process in the European Union.9
RotaTeq
RotaTeq is a live, oral pentavalent vaccine that contains five rotaviruses produced by reassortment. The rotavirus A parent strains of the reassortants were isolated from human and bovine hosts. Four reassortant rotaviruses express one of the outer capsid, VP7, proteins (serotypes G1, G2, G3, or G4) from the human rotavirus parent strain and the attachment protein VP4 (type P7) from the bovine rotavirus parent strain. The fifth reassortant virus expresses the attachment protein VP4, (type P1A), from the human rotavirus parent strain and the outer capsid protein VP7 (serotype G6) from the bovine rotavirus parent strain. In February 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved RotaTeq for use in the United States. In August 2006, Health Canada approved RotaTeq for use in Canada10. Merck is working with a range of partners including the Rotavirus Vaccine Program, PATH, (Program for Appropriate Technology in Health) and other governmental and non-governmental organisations to develop and implement mechanisms for providing access to this vaccine in the developing world.11
References
- ^ Dennehy PH (2000). "Transmission of rotavirus and other enteric pathogens in the home". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 19 (10 Suppl): S103–5. doi:. PMID 11052397.
- ^ World Health Organization. Rotavirus vaccines position paper.
- ^ Simpson E, Wittet S, Bonilla J, Gamazina K, Cooley L, Winkler JL (2007). "Use of formative research in developing a knowledge translation approach to rotavirus vaccine introduction in developing countries". BMC Public Health 7: 281. doi:. PMID 17919334, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/7/281.
- ^ Velázquez FR, Matson DO, Calva JJ, Guerrero L, Morrow AL, Carter-Campbell S, Glass RI, Estes MK, Pickering LK, Ruiz-Palacios GM (1996). "Rotavirus infections in infants as protection against subsequent infections". N. Engl. J. Med. 335 (14): 1022–8. doi:. PMID 8793926, http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/335/14/1022.
- ^ PATH's Rotavirus Vaccine Program
- ^ Bines J (2006). "Intussusception and rotavirus vaccines". Vaccine 24 (18): 3772–6. doi:. PMID 16099078.
- ^ a b O'Ryan M (2007). "Rotarix (RIX4414): an oral human rotavirus vaccine". Expert review of vaccines 6 (1): 11–9. doi:. PMID 17280473.
- ^ Matson DO (2006). "The pentavalent rotavirus vaccine, RotaTeq". Seminars in paediatric infectious diseases 17 (4): 195–9. doi:. PMID 17055370.
- ^ Vesikari T, Giaquinto C, Huppertz HI (2006). "Clinical trials of rotavirus vaccines in Europe". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 25 (1 Suppl): S42–7. PMID 16397428.
- ^ Merck Frosst Canada (2006-08-23). "RotaTeq Is Approved In Canada". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-02-29.
- ^ McCarthy M (2003). "Project seeks to "fast track" rotavirus vaccine". Lancet 361 (9357): 582. PMID 12598149.
External links
| Rotaviral Enteritis Classification and external resources |
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| ICD-10 | A08.0 |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 008.61 |
| MedlinePlus | 000252 |
| MeSH | D012401 |
- New hope for defeating rotavirus. Scientific American. 2006 Apr;294(4)): 46-55.
- The Rotavirus Vaccine Program
- National Clearinghouse Guideline: Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants and children. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).
- Vaccine Information Statement from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (as of December 1, 2007, available in English, Spanish, Somali, and Thai)
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Wikipedia content modification information:
- This page was last modified on 15 November 2008, at 07:45.
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