The scythed chariot was a war chariot with a blade(s) mounted on both ends of the axle, employed in ancient times.
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History
The scythed chariot was a modified war chariot. The blades extended horizontally for a meter on its sides. The Greek general Xenophon (430−354 BC), an eyewitness at the battle of Cunaxa tells of them: "These had thin scythes extending at an angle from the axle and also under the driver's seat, turned towards the ground".
Dismissing completely 17th to 19th century ideas of a Canaanite, Assyrian, Indian or Macedonian origin,[1] Nefiodkin also refutes Xenophon's attribution of scythed chariots to the first Persian king Cyrus,[2] pointing to their notable absence in the invasion of Greece (480−479 BC) by one his his successors, Xerxes I.[3] Instead, he argues that the Persians introduced scythed chariots sometime later during the Greco-Persian Wars, between 467 BC and 458 BC, as a response to their experience fighting against Greek heavy infantry.[4]
Persian wars
The scythed chariot was pulled by a team of four horses and manned by a crew of up to three men, one driver and two warriors. Theoretically the scythed chariot would plow through infantry lines, cutting combatants in half or at least opening gaps in the line which could be exploited. It was difficult to get horses to charge into the tight phalanx formation of the Greek/Macedonian hoplites (infantry). The scythed chariot avoided this inherent problem for cavalry, by the scythe cutting into the formation, even when the horses avoided the men. A disciplined army could diverge as the chariot approached, and then re-form quickly behind it, allowing the chariot to pass without causing many casualties. War chariots had limited military capabilities. They were strictly an offensive weapon and were best suited against infantry in open flat country where the charioteers had room to maneuver. At a time when cavalry were without stirrups, and probably had neither spurs nor an effective saddle, though they certainly had saddle blankets, scythed chariots added weight to a cavalry attack on infantry. Historical sources come from the infantry side of such engagements i.e. the Greek and Roman side. Here is one recorded encounter where scythed chariots were on the winning side:
“The soldiers had got into the habit of collecting their supplies carelessly and without taking precautions. There was one occasion when Pharnabazus, with 2 scythed chariots and about 400 cavalry, came on them when they were scattered all over the plain. When the Greeks saw him bearing down on them, they ran to join up with each other, about 700 altogether; but Pharnabazus did not waste time. Putting the chariots in front, and following behind them himself with the cavalry, he ordered a charge. The chariots dashing into the Greek ranks, broke up their close formation, and the cavalry soon cut down about a hundred men. The rest fled and took refuge with Agesilaus, who happened to be close at hand with the hoplites.”
- – (Xenophon Hellenica IV,1,17-19)
The only other example of their successful use seems to be when units of Mithradates VI of Pontus defeated a Bithynian force on the River Amnias in 89BC. (Appian)
One of the most notable defeats to the Persian scythed chariot was in combat against the Macedonian phalanx led by Alexander the Great. Realizing that the chariots were already a cumbersome element of the Persian army (as shock units are prone to be) led by Darius III, the phalangites were instructed to increase this disadvantage. At the last seconds before the chariots would close with infantry, the phalangites would quickly fold into an enveloping formation in the shape of an E, where the middle tab would be the chariot. By doing this, the chariots would be trapped by the bodies of soldiers it killed, and the long Greek sarissa. This particular tactic was most successful at the Battle of Gaugamela, where Darius fled.
Roman encounters
Despite these shortcomings, scythed chariots were used with some success by the Persians, the kingdoms of the Hellenistic Era. They are last known to have been used at the Battle of Zela in 47 BC. The Romans are reported to have defeated this weapon system, not necessarily at this battle, with caltrops. On other occasions the Romans fixed vertical posts in the ground behind which their infantry were safe (Frontinus strategems 2,3,17-18) There is a statement in the Scriptores Historiae Augustae Severus Alexander LV that he captured 1,800 scythed chariots. This is universally regarded as false.
Saharan tribes
In the northern Sahara, nomadic tribes, Pharusii and Nigrites, used scythed chariots:
"They have chariots also, armed with scythes"
- – (Strabo: Geography, XVII.iii. c. 22 AD).
Britain
The Romans are not reported ever to have fought against scythed chariots in the west. Nevertheless the following statement about the British was made immediately after the Roman invasion of 43 AD.
“They make war not only on horseback but also from 2 horse chariots and cars armed in the Gallic fashion – they call them covinni – on which they use axles equipped with scythes”
- – (Pomponius Mela (3,52) c. 44 AD).
No one knows how much value to give to this statement. There is the deep suspicion that it reflects Claudian propaganda to add glory to the Roman invasion of Britain by making the Britons more sophisticated than they were. It is interesting that neither of these two later sources use the word quadriga for the chariot, implying that if they existed, these chariots no longer required four horses.
Late in the Imperial period, the Romans might have experimented with an unusual variant of the idea that called for cataphract-style lancers to sit on a pair or a single horse drawing a "chariot" reduced to a bare axle with wheels, where the blades were only lowered into the fighting position at the last moment. This would have facilitated manoeuvering before battle. This at least is a reasonable interpretation of the rather enigmatic de Rebus Bellicis section 12-14. (Most probably the 2-horse version was a practical weapon which inspired the 1-horse version as an underpowered paper innovation by the armchair author of this text.)
There is no accepted archaeological evidence concerning scythed chariots. There are some large heavy scythe blades from late Roman Britain which are assumed to have an agricultural machine function, as they are too unwieldy for a man to use.
Other mention
A scythed chariot appears in Irish legend.[5]
One of Leonardo da Vinci's ideas was a scythed chariot.[6]
Popular culture
A scythed chariot can be seen in the chariot race of the movie Ben Hur, operated by Messala (here called a "Greek chariot" or a "beaked chariot."). Scythed chariots are seen in the first Colosseum scene in the movie Gladiator. In the film Alexander by Oliver Stone, scythed chariots are shown charging into Macedonian phalanx during the beginning of Battle of Gaugamela scene. The chariots were also used in historic movies like "Solomon and Sheba".
In the Discovery Channel show "Doing Da Vinci," the team built Leonardo's design for a scythed chariot and proved the functionality of the weapon.
References
- ^ Nefiodkin 2004, pp. 369−371
- ^ Nefiodkin 2004, pp. 369−371
- ^ Nefiodkin 2004, pp. 373f.
- ^ Nefiodkin 2004, pp. 371−378
- ^ [1]
- ^ "Scythed chariots". Biblioteca Reale. London: University of the Arts. 1485. http://www.universalleonardo.org/work.php?id=516. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
Sources
- Nefiodkin, Alexander K. (2004), "On the Origin of the Scythed Chariots", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 53 (3): 369–378
- Rivet, A.L.F. (1979). "A note on scythed chariots". Antiquity (York, UK: University of York) 53: 130–132. ISSN 598X 0003 598X. http://antiquity.ac.uk/.
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