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Sleepwalking (also called somnambulism or noctambulism^[1]) is a parasomnia or sleep disorder where the sufferer engages in activities that are normally associated with wakefulness while he or she is asleep or in a sleep-like state. Sleepwalking is usually defined by or involves the person affected apparently shifting from his or her prior sleeping position and moving around and performing normal actions as if awake (cleaning, walking and other activities). It is inexact to assume that somnambulists are unconscious during their nocturnal sleepwalking episodes. They are simply not conscious of their actions on a level where memory of the sleepwalking episode can be recalled^{citation needed}, and because of this, unless the sleepwalker is awakened or aroused by someone else, this sleep disorder can go unnoticed. Sleepwalking is more commonly experienced in people with high levels of stress, anxiety or psychological factors and in people with genetic factors (family history), or sometimes a combination of both.

A common misconception is that sleepwalking is acting out the physical movements within a dream, but in fact, sleepwalking occurs earlier on in the night when rapid eye movement (REM), or the "dream stage" of sleep, has not yet occurred.

Contents 1 Explanation 1.1 Statistics 2 Hazards 3 In art and culture 4 Legal defense 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

Explanation

Sleepwalking can affect people of any age. It generally occurs when an individual moves during slow wave sleep (during stage 3 or 4 of slow wave sleep—deep sleep) (Horne, 1992; Kales & Kales, 1975). In children and young adults, up to 80% of the night is spent in SWS (50% in infants).^{citation needed} However, this decreases as the person ages, until none can be measured in the geriatric individual.^{citation needed} For this reason, children and young adults (or anyone else with a high amount of slow wave sleep [SWS]) are more likely to be woken up and, for the same reasons, they are witnessed to have many more episodes than the older individuals.^{citation needed}

Statistics

• Eighteen percent of the world's population is prone to sleepwalking.^[2]
• Somewhere between 1% and 16.7% of U.S. children sleepwalk, and juveniles are more prone to the activity.^{citation needed}
• One study showed that the highest prevalence of sleepwalking was 16.7% for children of 11–12 years of age.^{citation needed}
• Males are more likely to sleepwalk than females.^{citation needed}

Activities such as eating, bathing, urinating, dressing, driving cars, whistling, committing murder,^[3][4][5] and engaging in sexual intercourse ^[6] have been reported or claimed to have occurred during sleepwalking. Contrary to popular belief, most cases of sleepwalking do not consist of walking around (without the conscious knowledge of the subject). Most cases of somnambulism occur when the person is awakened (something or someone disturbs their SWS); the person may sit up, look around and immediately go back to sleep. But these kinds of incidences are rarely noticed or reported unless recorded in a sleep clinic.^{citation needed}

Sleepwalkers engage in their activities with their eyes open so they can navigate their surroundings, not with their eyes closed and their arms outstretched, as often parodied in cartoons and films.^{citation needed} The subject's eyes may have a glazed or empty appearance, and if questioned, the subject will be slow to answer and may be unable to respond in an intelligible manner.^{dubious – discuss}

Hazards

Sleepwalkers are more likely to endanger themselves than anyone else^{citation needed}. When sleepwalkers are a danger to themselves or others (for example, when climbing up or down steps or trying to use a potentially dangerous tool such as a stove or a knife), steering them away from the danger and back to bed is advisable. It has even been reported that people have died or were injured as a result of sleepwalking.^[7].^[8] Sleepwalking should not be confused with psychosis.

Sleepwalking has in rare cases been used as a defense (sometimes successfully) against charges of murder.

Main article: Sleepwalking murder

In art and culture

The 19thc-century German chemist and parapsychologist Baron Karl Ludwig von Reichenbach made extensive studies of sleepwalkers and used his discoveries to formulate his theory of the Odic force.

Sleepwalking has been found as a theme in many dramatic works. It is a major plot element in the classic silent German Expressionist film Das Kabinett des Dr. Kaligari (English title: The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari). In Shakespeare's Macbeth, Lady Macbeth sleepwalks because of her overwhelming guilt and insanity. Italian composer Vincenzo Bellini's opera La Sonnambula is named after its heroine, a sleepwalker. In Dario Argento's Phenomena (1985), the protagonist, Jennifer Corvino (Jennifer Connelly), witnesses a murder while sleepwalking. In the film adaptation of Silent Hill, the protagonist's daughter suffers from sleepwalking. In the House episode "Role Model", a woman has sex with her ex-husband while sleepwalking and gets pregnant.

Legal defense

In 1846, Albert Tirrell was found not guilty of murder and arson, arguing that if he did do it, he was sleepwalking at the time, the first successful acquittal using a sleepwalking defense in American legal history.^[9]

Kenneth Parks, a 23-year-old, drove his car 15 miles to his in-laws' house in May 1987. There, he attacked his father-in-law, leaving him unconscious, and stabbed his mother-in-law, killing her. He then went to the police station saying, "I think I have killed some people." He was bloody, and his hand was badly injured. Parks was unable to recount anything about the murder, and he had no motives for committing them. He was unemployed and stressed. He went to sleep that night thinking about how he was going to visit his in-laws the next day with his wife to tell them about his financial and gambling problems. After a year, he was found not guilty of murder or attempted murder. There was an appeal, but his acquittal was upheld. He did not serve time in a mental ward because "noninsane automatism" (i.e., sleepwalking) is not legally viewed as a mental disorder.^[10]

See also

• Dream
• Night terror
• Nightmare
• Sleep paralysis
• Somniloquy (sleep-talking)
• Sleepeating
• Sleep sex

References

External links

• A Sleep Disorder Theory
• Sleepwalking Woman Had Sex With Strangers -- 15 October 2004
• 'Sleepwalker' accused of murder — BBC news article dated 10 March 2005
• Teen 'sleepwalks to top of crane' — BBC news article dated 6 July 2005
• Man Records Himself Talking and Walking in His Sleep at Nate At Night
• Safety of waking sleepwalkers - Straight Dope Staff Report
• Spiegel Online - German Sleepwalker Steps Out of 4th-Floor Window - "A German teenager accidentally climbed out of a fourth-floor window and fell 10 meters to the ground where he kept on sleeping, albeit with a broken arm and leg."

v • d • e Sleep Sleep stages Rapid eye movement sleep · Non-rapid eye movement sleep · Slow-wave sleep Brain waves Beta wave · Delta wave · Gamma wave · Theta wave Sleep disorders Advanced sleep phase syndrome · Automatic behavior · Bruxism · Circadian rhythm sleep disorder · Delayed sleep phase syndrome · Dyssomnia · Excessive daytime sleepiness · Hypersomnia · Insomnia · Narcolepsy · Night terror · Nocturia · Nocturnal myoclonus · Non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome · Ondine's curse · Parasomnia · Sleep apnea · Sleep deprivation · Sleepeating · Sleeping sickness · Sleeptalking · Sleepwalking Benign phenomena Dream · Exploding head syndrome · False awakening · Hypnagogia · Hypnic jerk · Lucid dream · Nightmare · Nocturnal emission · Sleep paralysis · Somnolence Related topics Bed (Bunk bed, Four poster bed, Futon, Hammock, Mattress) · Bed bug · Bedding · Bedroom · Bedtime · Bedtime toy · Bedtime story · Chronotype · Dream journal · Jet lag · Lullaby · Nightwear · Polyphasic sleep · Power nap · Siesta · Sleep and learning · Sleep debt · Sleep diary · Sleep inertia · Sleep medicine · Sleepover · Snoring · Sleep and creativity

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