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| Sodium fluoroacetate | |
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| IUPAC name | Sodium fluoroacetate |
| Other names | 1080 SFA Sodium monofluoroacetate |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | [62-74-8] |
| RTECS number | AH9100000 |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | NaFC2H2O2 |
| Molar mass | 100.0 g/mol |
| Appearance | Fluffy, colorless to white powder |
| Melting point |
200°C (325.15 K) |
| Boiling point |
Decomposes |
| Solubility in water | miscible |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Toxic, Flammable |
| R/S statement | R26 R27 R28 |
| Flash point | ? |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox references |
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Sodium fluoroacetate (also known as sodium monofluoroacetate, compound 1080 or 1080) is a potent metabolic poison that occurs naturally as an anti-herbivore metabolite in various plants. It works by interfering with the citric acid cycle, and is used primarily to control mammalian pests, including invasive species. The existence of this chemical was first noted in the Second World War.
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Uses
Sodium fluoroacetate is used as a rodenticide. Farmers and graziers use the poison to protect pastures and crops from various herbivorous mammals. It is used in New Zealand to control the Common Brushtail Possum [1], while in the United States it is used to kill coyotes. Other countries using 1080 include Australia, Mexico and Israel.[2]
Western Shield is a recent project to boost populations of endangered mammals in south-west Australia. The project is to drop Sodium fluoroacetate baited meat from helicopters or light aircraft to kill predators. Wild dogs and foxes will readily eat the baited meat. Cats pose a greater difficulty as cats aren’t interested in already dead animals. Recently a pilot tried putting small sound generators inside the baits with significant positive results.citation needed However, an Australian RSPCA commissioned study criticized 1080 calling it an inhumane killer.[3]
- See also: 1080 usage in New Zealand
History
Sodium fluoroacetate was discovered by German military chemists in World War II. The chemical was highly potent — but it was difficult to deliver, requiring ingestion or injection for optimal effect.citation needed As such, it was largely overlooked until it was independently rediscovered by American chemists researching pesticides.[4] The name "1080" refers to the catalogue number of the poison, which became its brand name.[2]
Occurrence
Sodium fluoroacetate occurs naturally in at least 40 plants in Australia, Brazil and Africa. It was first identified as the poison of poison leaf Dichapetalum cymosum by Marais in 1944,[5][6] although it had been reported as early as 1904 that colonists in Sierra Leone used extracts of Chailletia toxicaria which also contains fluoroacetic acid or its salts to poison rats.[7][8] It is believed that the compound is even present in tea leaves in tiny amounts.[9] The Australian pea family Gastrolobium (“poison peas”), have sodium fluoroacetate in the leaf tips and seeds. This forces livestock farmers in Western Australia to hand-weed out all the plants from their paddocks. It also means that some Western Australian herbivores have, by natural selection, developed partial immunity to the effects of fluoroacetate; this has been used for an advantage in DEC’s wildlife conservation project named Western Shield.
Toxicology
Fluoroacetate is highly toxic to mammals and insects.[2] The oral dose of fluoroacetate sufficient to be lethal in humans is 2–10 mg/kg.[10]
Species have different susceptibility to sodium fluoroacetate due to metabolic differences. The New Zealand Food Authority established lethal doses for a number of species.[11] Dogs, cats and pigs appear to be the species most susceptable to poisoning.[11]
Mechanism of action
Fluoroacetate is similar to acetate, which has a pivotal role in cellular metabolism. Fluoroacetate disrupts the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) by combining with coenzyme A to form fluoroacetyl CoA. This is then substituted for acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle and reacts with citrate synthase to produce fluorocitrate. A metabolite of fluorocitrate binds very tightly to aconitase, thereby halting the citric acid cycle. This results in an accumulation of citrate in the blood which deprives cells of energy.[2]
Symptoms
In humans the symptoms of poisoning normally appear between 30 minutes and three hours after exposure. Initial symptoms typically include nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain; sweating, confusion and agitation follow. In significant poisoning cardiac abnormalities including tachycardia or bradycardia, hypotension and ECG changes develop. Neurological effects include muscle twitching and seizures; Consciousness becomes progressively impaired after a few hours leading to coma. Death is generally due to Ventricular arrhythmias, progressive hypotension unresponsive to treatment, and secondary lung infections.[2]
Symptoms in domestic animals vary: dogs tend to show nervous system signs such as convulsions and uncontrollable running, whilst large herbivores such as cattle and sheep more predominantly show cardiac signs.citation needed
Sub-lethal doses of sodium fluoroacetate may cause damage to tissues with high energy needs — in particular, the brain, gonads, heart, lungs and fetus. Sub-lethal doses are typically completely metabolised and excreted within four days.citation needed
Treatment
Because of the biochemical interference in the TCA or Krebs Cycle, sodium fluoroacetate poisoning is very difficult to treat, as once clinical symptoms are shown, the Krebs Cycle has shut down. There is no known effective antidote. Research in monkeys has shown that the use of glyceryl monoacetate can prevent problems if given after ingestion of sodium fluoroacetate, and this has been done in domestic animals with some positive results. The theory of using glyceryl monoacetate is that it will supply acetate ions to allow continuation of the cellular respiration process which the sodium fluoroacetate has disrupted.
In clinical cases, use of muscle relaxants, anti-convulsants, mechanical ventilation and other supportive measures may all be required. Few animals or people have been treated successfully after significant sodium fluoroacetate ingestions.
References
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The references used in this article may be clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external linking. (September 2007) |
- ^ http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/conservation/threats-and-impacts/animal-pests/use-of-1080-04.pdf
- ^ a b c d e Proudfoot AT, Bradberry SM, Vale JA (2006). "Sodium fluoroacetate poisoning". Toxicol Rev 25 (4): 213–9. doi:. PMID 17288493.
- ^ Speechley, Jane (15 November 2007). "1080 is not a humane poison: International journal publishes RSPCA paper". RSPCA. Retrieved on 2007-12-17.
- ^ Kalmbach ER (1945). "Ten-Eighty, a War-Produced Rodenticide". Science 102 (2644): 232–3. doi:. PMID 17778513.
- ^ Marais JCS (1943). "The isolation of the toxic principle “K cymonate” from “Gifblaar”, Dichapetalum cymosum". Onderstepoort Jour. Vet. Sci. Animal Ind. 18: 203.
- ^ Marais JCS (1944). "Monofluoroacetic acid, the toxic principle of “gifblaar” Dichapetalum cymosum". Onderstepoort Jour. Vet. Sci. Animal Ind. 20: 67.
- ^ Renner (1904). "Chemical and Physiological Examination of the Fruit of Chailletia Toxicaria". Jour African Soc.: 109.
- ^ Power FB, Tutin F (1906). "C hemical and Physiological Examination of the Fruit of Chailletia Toxicaria". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 28: 1170. doi:.
- ^ Vartiainen T, Kauranen P (1984). "The determination of traces of fluoroacetic acid by extractive alkylation, pentafluorobenzylation and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry". Anal Chim Acta 157 (1): 91–7. doi:.
- ^ Beasley, Michael (August 2002). "Guidelines for the safe use of sodium fluoroacetate (1080)" (PDF). New Zealand Occupational Safety & Health Service. Retrieved on 2007-12-17.
- ^ a b "Controlled Pesticides: Sodium Fluoroacetate (1080) in Pest Control" (PDF). Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Group. Retrieved on 2007-12-17.
Further reading
- Klingensmith CW (1945). "The Natural Occurrence of Fluoroacetic Acid, the Acid of the New Rodenticide 1080". Science 102: 622–623. doi:. PMID 17818201.
External links
- Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation report on their Western Shield project.
- Press release on the ban of 1080 use in Tasmanian forests
- Notes on 1080 use for controlling predators in Idaho
Wikipedia content modification information:
- This page was last modified on 7 October 2008, at 09:29.
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