Thyroid hormone receptor

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thyroid hormone receptor, alpha (erythroblastic leukemia viral (v-erb-a) oncogene homolog, avian)
Identifiers
Symbol	THRA
Alt. Symbols	THRA1, THRA2, ERBA1
Entrez	7067
HUGO	11796
OMIM	190120
RefSeq	NM_199334
UniProt	P10827
Other data
Locus	Chr. 17 q11.2-17q12

thyroid hormone receptor, beta (erythroblastic leukemia viral (v-erb-a) oncogene homolog 2, avian)
Identifiers
Symbol	THRB
Alt. Symbols	ERBA2
Entrez	7068
HUGO	11799
OMIM	190160
RefSeq	NM_000461
UniProt	P10828
Other data
Locus	Chr. 3 p24.1-p22

The thyroid hormone receptor^[1] is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding thyroid hormone.^[2]

1 Function
2 Isoforms
3 Disease linkage
4 References
5 External links

Function

Amongst the most important functions of thyroid hormone receptors are regulation of metabolism and heart rate.^[3]^[4] In addition, they play critical roles in the development of organisms.^[5]

Isoforms

There are three forms of the thyroid hormone receptor designated alpha-1, beta-1 and beta-2 that are able to bind thyroid hormone. There are two TR-alpha receptor splice variants encoded by the THRA gene and two TR-beta isoform splice variants encoded by the THRB gene:^[2]

TR-α1 (widely expressed and especially high expression in cardiac and skeletal muscles)
TR-α2 (homologous with viral oncogen c-erb-A, also widely expressed but unable to bind hormone)
TR-β1 (predominately expressed in brain, liver and kidney)
TR-β2 (expression primarily limited to the hypothalamus and pituitary)

Disease linkage

Certain mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor are associated with thyroid hormone resistance.^[6]

References

^ Spurr NK, Solomon E, Jansson M, Sheer D, Goodfellow PN, Bodmer WF, Vennstrom B (1984). "Chromosomal localisation of the human homologues to the oncogenes erbA and B". EMBO J. 3 (1): 159–63. PMID 6323162.
^ ^a ^b Flamant F, Baxter JD, Forrest D, Refetoff S, Samuels H, Scanlan TS, Vennstrom B, Samarut J (2006). "International Union of Pharmacology. LIX. The pharmacology and classification of the nuclear receptor superfamily: thyroid hormone receptors". Pharmacol Rev 58 (4): 705–11. doi:10.1124/pr.58.4.3. PMID 17132849.
^ Yen PM (2001). "Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action". Physiol Rev 81 (3): 1097–142. PMID 11427693.
^ Harvey CB, Williams GR (2002). "Mechanism of thyroid hormone action". Thyroid 12 (6): 441–6. doi:10.1089/105072502760143791. PMID 12165104.
^ Brent GA (2000). "Tissue-specific actions of thyroid hormone: insights from animal models". Rev Endocr Metab Disord 1 (1-2): 27–33. doi:10.1023/A:1010056202122. PMID 11704989.
^ Olateju TO, Vanderpump MP (2006). "Thyroid hormone resistance". Ann Clin Biochem 43 (Pt 6): 431–40. doi:10.1258/000456306778904678. PMID 17132274.

External links

This biochemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

v • d • e

Transcription factors and intracellular receptors

(1) Basic domains

(1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP)	Activating transcription factor (AATF, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) • AP-1 (c-Fos, FOSB, FOSL1, FOSL2, c-Jun, JUNB, JUND) • BACH (1, 2) • BATF • BLZF1 • C/EBP (α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ) • CREB (1, 3, L1) • CREM • DBP • DDIT3 • GABPA • HLF • MAF (B, F, G, K) • NFE (2, L1, L2) • NRL • NRF1 • XBP1

(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)	ATOH1 • AhR • AHRR • ARNT • ASCL1 • BHLHB2 • BMAL (ARNTL, ARNTL2) • CLOCK • EPAS1 • HAND (1, 2) • HES (5, 6) • HEY (1, 2, L) • HES1 • HIF (1A, 3A) • ID (1, 2, 3, 4) • LYL1 • MXD4 • MYCL1 • MYCN • Myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD, Myogenin, MYF5, MYF6) • Neurogenins • NeuroD (1, 2) • NPAS (1, 2, 3) • OLIG (1, 2) • Scleraxis • TAL1 • Twist • USF1

(1.3) bHLH-ZIP	AP-4 • MAX • MITF • MNT • MLX • MXI1 • Myc • SREBP (1, 2)

(1.4) NF-1	NFIC

(1.5) RF-X	NFX1

(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)	AP-2 (α, β, γ, δ, ε)

(2) Zinc finger DNA-binding domains

(2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys₄)	subfamily 1 (Thyroid hormone (α, β), CAR, FXR, LXR (α, β), PPAR (α, β/δ, γ), PXR, RAR (α, β, γ), ROR (α, β, γ), Rev-ErbA (α, β), VDR) subfamily 2 (COUP-TF (I, II), Ear-2, HNF4 (α, γ), PNR, RXR (α, β, γ), Testicular receptor (2, 4), TLX) subfamily 3 (Steroid hormone (Androgen, Estrogen (α, β), Glucocorticoid, Mineralocorticoid, Progesterone), Estrogen related (α, β, γ)) subfamily 4 NUR (NGFIB, NOR1, NURR1) • subfamily 5 (LRH-1, SF1) • subfamily 6 (GCNF) • subfamily 0 (DAX1, SHP)

(2.2) Other Cys₄	GATA (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) • MTA (1, 2, 3) • TRPS1

(2.3) Cys₂His₂	General transcription factors (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF (1, 2), TFIIH (1, 2, 4, 2I, 3A, 3C1, 3C2)) ATBF1 • BCL (6, 11A, 11B) • CTCF • E4F1 • EGR (2, 3) • ERV3 • GFI1 • GLI-Krüppel family (1, 2, 3, S2, YY1) • HIC (1, 2) • HIVEP (1, 2, 3) • IKZF (1, 2, 3) • ILF (2, 3) • KLF (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17 ) • MTF1 • MYT1 • OSR1 • SP (1, 2, 4, 7) • Zbtb7 (7A, 7B) • ZBTB (16, 17, 20, 32, 33, 40) • zinc finger (3, 7, 9, 10, 19, 22, 24, 33B, 34, 35, 41, 43, 44, 51, 74, 143, 146, 148, 165, 202, 217, 219, 238, 239, 259, 267, 268, 281, 295, 318, 330, 346, 350, 365, 366, 384, 423, 451, 452, 471, 593, 638, 649, 655)

(2.4) Cys₆	HIVEP1

(2.5) Alternating composition	AIRE • DIDO1 • GRLF1 • ING (1, 2, 4) • JARID (1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 2) • JMJD1B

(3) Helix-turn-helix domains

(3.1) Homeo domain	ARX • CDX (1, 2) • CRX • CUTL1 • DLX (3, 4, 5) • EMX2 • EN (1, 2) • FHL (1, 2, 3) • HESX1 • HHEX • HLX • Homeobox (A1, A3, A4, A5, A7, A9, A10, A11, A13, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B13, C4, C5, C6, C8, C9, C10, C11, C13, D1, D3, D4, D8, D9, D10, D11, D12, D13) • HOPX • MEIS (1, 2) • MEOX2 • MNX1 • MSX (1, 2) • NANOG • NKX (2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-5, 3-1, 3-2) • PBX (1, 2, 3) • PHF (1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 16, 17, 20, 21A) • PITX (1, 2, 3) • POU domain (PIT-1, BRN-3: A, B, C, Octamer transcription factor: 1, 2, 3/4, 6, 7, 11) • OTX (1, 2) • PDX1

(3.2) Paired box	PAX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

(3.3) Fork head / winged helix	E2F (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) • FOX proteins (C1, C2, E1, G1, H1, K2, L2, M1, N3, O1A, O3A, O4, P1, P2, P3)

(3.4) Heat Shock Factors	HSF (1, 2, 4)

(3.5) Tryptophan clusters	ELF (4, 5) • EGF • ELK (1, 3, 4) • ERF • ERG • ETS (1, 2, SPIB) • ETV (1, 4, 5, 6) • FLI1 • Interferon regulatory factors (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) • MYB • MYBL2

(3.6) TEA domain	transcriptional enhancer factor 1, 2

(4) β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts

(4.1) Rel homology region	NF-κB (NFKB1, NFKB2, REL, RELA, RELB) • NFAT (C1, C2, C3, C4, 5)

(4.2) STAT	STAT (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

(4.3) p53	p53 • TBX (1, 2, 3, 5, 19, 21, 22)

(4.4) MADS box	Mef2 (A, B, C, D) • SRF

(4.6) TATA binding proteins	TBP • TBPL1

(4.7) High mobility group	HMGB (1, 2, 3) • HNF (1A, 1B) • LEF1 • SOX (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21) • SRY • SSRP1 • TOX (1, 2, 3, 4)

(4.10) Cold-shock domain	CSDA, YBX1

(4.11) Runt	CBF (CBFA2T2, CBFA2T3, RUNX1, RUNX2, RUNX3, RUNX1T1)

(0) Other transcription factors

(0.2) HMGI(Y)	HMGA (1, 2) • HBP1

(0.3) Pocket domain	Rb • RBL1 • RBL2

(0.5) AP-2/EREBP-related factors	Apetala 2 • EREBP • B3

(0.6) Miscellaneous	ARID (1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B, 4A) • CAP • IFI (16, 35) • MLL (2, 3, T1) • MNDA • NFI (A, B, C, X) • NFY (A, B, C) • Rho/Sigma • R-SMAD

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