Tin tetrachloride
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| Tin(IV) chloride | |
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Tetrachlorostannane |
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Other names
Stannic chloride |
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 7646-78-8  |
| PubChem | 24287 |
| ChemSpider | 22707 |
| EC number | 231-588-9 |
| UN number | 1827 |
| RTECS number | XP8750000 |
| Jmol-3D images | Image 1 |
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| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | SnCl4 |
| Molar mass | 260.50 g/mol (anhydrous) 350.60 g/mol (pentahydrate) |
| Appearance | colorless fuming liquid |
| Odor | acrid |
| Density | 2.226 g/ml (anhydrous) 2.04 g/cm3 (pentahydrate) |
| Melting point |
-33 °C, 240 K, -27 °F |
| Boiling point |
114.15 °C, 387 K, 237 °F |
| Solubility in water | decomposes (anhydrous) very soluble (pentahydrate) |
| Solubility | soluble in alcohol, benzene, toluene, chloroform, acetone, kerosene, CCl4, methanol, gasoline, CSs |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.512 |
| Structure | |
| Crystal structure | monoclinic (hydrates) |
| Hazards | |
| MSDS | ICSC 0953 |
| EU Index | 050-001-00-5 |
| EU classification | Corrosive (C) |
| R-phrases | R34, R52/53 |
| S-phrases | (S1/2), S7/8, S26, S45, S61 |
| NFPA 704 |
 0
3
1
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| Related compounds | |
| Other anions | Tin(IV) fluoride Tin(IV) bromide Tin(IV) iodide |
| Other cations | Carbon tetrachloride Silicon tetrachloride Germanium tetrachloride Tin(II) chloride Lead(IV) chloride |
 (verify) (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) |
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| Infobox references | |
Tin(IV) chloride, also known as tin tetrachloride or stannic chloride is a chemical compound with the formula SnCl4. At room temperature it is a colourless liquid, which fumes on contact with air, giving a stinging odor. It was first discovered by Andreas Libavius (1550–1616) and was known as "spiritus fumans libavii".[1]
Contents |
Preparation
It is prepared from reaction of chlorine gas with elemental tin.
- Sn + 2 Cl2 → SnCl4
Reactions
When mixed with a small amount of water a semi-solid crystalline mass of the pentahydrate, SnCl4.5H2O is formed.[1] This was formerly known as butter of tin[1]. This compound has been shown to be best described as [SnCl4(H2O)2].3H2O, consisting of cis-[SnCl4(H2O)2] units linked in chains with three hydrate water molecules.[2]
With hydrochloric acid the complex [SnCl6]2− is formed making the so-called hexachlorostannic acid.[1]
Anhydrous tin(IV) chloride is a strong Lewis acid and complexes with e.g. ammonia, phosphine and phosphorus pentachloride are known.[1] SnCl4 is used in Friedel-Crafts reactions as a catalyst for homogeneous alkylation and cyclisation.[1]
With Grignard reagents tetraalkyltin compounds can be prepared:[3]
- SnCl4 + RMgCl → SnR4 + MgCl2
Uses
Stannic chloride was used as a chemical weapon in World War I, as it formed an irritating (but non-deadly) dense smoke on contact with air: it was substituted for by a mixture of silicon tetrachloride and titanium tetrachloride near the end of the War due to shortages of tin.[4] It is also used in the glass container industry for making an external coating containing tin(IV) oxide which toughens the glass. It is a starting material for organotin compounds.
Stannic chloride is used in chemical reactions with fuming (90%) nitric acid for the selective nitration of activated aromatic rings in the presence of unactivated ones.[5]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier ISBN 0-12-352651-5 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK]
- ^ Barnes, John C.; Sampson, Hazel A.; Weakley, Timothy J. R. (1980). "Structures of di-μ-hydroxobis[aquatrichlorotin(IV)]-1,4-dioxane(1/3), di-μ-hydroxobis[aquatrichlorotin(IV)]-1,8-epoxy-p-menthane(1/4), di-m-hydroxobis[aquatribromotin(IV)]-1,8-epoxy-p-menthane(1/4), di-μ-hydroxobis[aquatrichlorotin(IV)], and cis-diaquatetrachlorotin(IV)". J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. (6): 949. doi:10.1039/DT9800000949.
- ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth–Heinemann. ISBN 0080379419 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK].
- ^ Fries, Amos A. (2008). Chemical Warfare. Read. pp. 148–49, 407. ISBN 1-4437-3840-9 [Amazon-US | Amazon-UK].
- ^ Thurston, David E.; Murty, Varanasi S.; Langley, David R.; Jones, Gary B. (1990). "O-Debenzylation of a Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine in the Presence of a Carbinolamine Functionality: Synthesis of DC-81". Synthesis 1990: 81–84. doi:10.1055/s-1990-26795.
