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Toilet training, or potty training, is the process of training a young child to use the toilet for urination and defecation. In Western countries it is usually started and completed between the ages of 12 months and three years[1], with boys typically closer to the high end of this age range.citation needed
Cultural factors play a large part in what age is deemed appropriate, with the age being generally later in America[2][3].
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Modern practice
Most advice is that toilet training is a mutual task, requiring cooperation agreement and understanding between child and the caregiver, and the best potty training techniques emphasize consistency and positive reinforcement over punishment - making it fun for the child.[4][5][6]
Freudian psychology
Starting with Sigmund Freud,[7] many psychologists believe that toilet training is among the most formative events of the human psyche because this anal phase is the child's first introduction to the fact that social imperatives can take precedence over bodily desires,[8] and a child can have problems later in life if the toilet training does not go well, or is too strict.
For example, as an adult a person could strive for perfection or excessive cleanliness because they were too harshly trained.
Like many of Freud's original concepts, this is given much less weight by modern psychologistscitation needed.
See also
- Bedwetting
- Elimination communication
- Housebreaking
- Pants Pankuro, an education animated series in Japan used to educate on toilet training
- Urinals
External links
- "Toilet Training", University of Michigan Health System
- "Toilet Training", Great Ormond Street Hospital
Footnotes and citations
- ^ Paul, Pamela. Parenting, Inc. Times (Henry Holt), 2008. ISBN 978-0-8050-8249-4. Page 244-245.
- ^ Paul, Pamela. Parenting, Inc. Times (Henry Holt), 2008. ISBN 978-0-8050-8249-4. Page 244-245.
- ^ Honig, A: "Toilet Training Stubbornness," Scholastic Parent and Child
- ^ http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/children/parents/toilet/179.printerview.html
- ^ http://www.childwelfare.gov/preventing/supporting/resources/toilettraining.cfm
- ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/parenting/your_kids/toddlers_toilettraining.shtml
- ^ The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 11. ISBN 0-393-01128-3
- ^ Poop Culture: How America is Shaped by its Grossest National Product, ISBN 1-932-59521-X
Wikipedia content modification information:
- This page was last modified on 6 October 2008, at 10:04.
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