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Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is an enzyme (EC 1.14.16.4) involved in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
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Function
It is responsible for addition of the -OH group (hydroxylation) to the 5 position to form the amino acid 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is also the first enzyme in the synthesis of melatonin.
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Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) are members of a superfamily of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, catalyzing key steps in important metabolic pathways [1] Analogously to phenylalanine hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase, this enzyme uses (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and dioxygen as cofactors.[2]
In humans, the stimulation of serotonin production by administration of tryptophan has an antidepressant effect and inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase (e.g. by p-Chlorophenylalanine) may precipitate depression.[3]
The activity of tryptophan hydroxylase (i.e. the rate at which it converts L-tryptophan into the serotonin precursor L-5-hydroxytryptophan) can be increased when it undergoes phosphorylation. Protein Kinase A, for example, can phosphorylate tryptophan hydroxylase, thus increasing its activity.
Isoforms
In humans, as well as in other mammals, there are two district TPH genes. In humans, these genes are located on chromosomes 11 and 12 and encode two different homologous enzymes TPH1 and TPH2 (sequence identity 71%). [4]
- TPH1 is mostly expressed in tissues that express serotonin (a neurotransmitter) in the periphery (skin, gut, pineal gland) but it is also expressed in the central nervous system.
- On the other hand, TPH2 is exclusively expressed in neuronal cell types and is the predominant isoform in the central nervous system.
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- TPH may be found in foods such as fresh fruits and fresh vegtables as well as dark chocolate (natural cocoa)**
Additional images
 The pathway for the synthesis of serotonin from tryptophan |
 Metabolic pathway from tryptophan to serotonin |
References
- ^ http://www.bh4.org/pdf/mckinney.pdf
- ^ BH4 Databases
- ^ Three-Dimensional Structure of Human Tryptophan Hydroxylase and Its Implications for the Biosynthesis of the Neurotransmitters Serotonin and Melatonin
- ^ A unique central tryptophan hydroxylase isoform. [Biochem Pharmacol. 2003] - PubMed Result
External links
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This EC 1.14 enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
Wikipedia content modification information:
- This page was last modified on 28 July 2008, at 17:10.
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