World War I casualties

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British and German wounded, Bernafay Wood, 19 July 1916.

The number of World War I casualties, both military and civilian, was about 40 million — 19 million deaths and 21 million wounded. This includes 9.7 million military deaths and about 9 million civilian deaths. The Entente Powers (also known as the Allies) lost more than 5 million soldiers and the Central Powers about 4 million.

Contents

Classification of Casualty Statistics

Estimates for World War I casualty numbers vary to a great extent.[29] Military casualty statistics listed here include combat related deaths as well as losses caused by accidents, disease and prisoner of war deaths. The table lists total deaths; the footnotes give a breakout between combat and non-combat losses.
The figures listed below include civilian deaths due to war related famine and disease, these civilian losses are often omitted from other compilations of World War I casualties. The war disrupted trade resulting in acute shortages of food which resulted in famine in Europe and Africa. Civilian deaths due to the Spanish flu have been excluded from these figures, whenever possible. Furthermore, estimates of civilian deaths include the Armenian Genocide, and it is debated to which degree this event should be included.
The data listed here is from official sources, whenever available. These sources are cited below.

Casualties by country

Pie chart showing deaths by alliance and military/civilian. Most of the civilian deaths were due to war related famine.
Pie chart showing military deaths of the Entente Powers.
Pie chart showing military deaths of the Central Powers.
Entente Powers Population Millions Military Deaths Civilian Deaths Total Deaths Military Wounded
Africa1 See footnote
 Australia2 4.5 61,928 61,928 152,171
 Belgium3 7.4 58,637 55,000 113,637 44,686
 Canada4 7.2 64,944 2,000 66,944 149,732
 France5 39.6 1,397,800 300,000 1,697,800 4,266,000
 Greece6 4.8 26,000 150,000 176,000 21,000
Indian Empire7 315.1 74,187 74,187 69,214
 Italy8 35.6 651,010 589,000 1,240,010 953,886
 Japan9 53.6 415 415 907
 Luxembourg10 0.3 See footnote
 Montenegro11 .5 3,000 3,000 10,000
 New Zealand12 1.1 18,050 18,050 41,317
 Newfoundland13 .2 1,204 1,204 2,314
 Portugal14 6.0 7,222 82,000 89,222 13,751
 Romania15 7.5 250,000 430,000 680,000 120,000
 Russian Empire16 158.9 1,811,000 1,500,000 3,311,000 4,950,000
 Kingdom of Serbia17 4.5 275,000 450,000 725,000 133,148
 South Africa18 6.0 9,463 9,463 12,029
Flag of the United Kingdom United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland19 45.4 885,138 109,000 994,138 1,663,435
 United States20 92.0 116,708 757 117,465 205,690
Total (Entente Powers) 790.2 5,711,706 3,667,757 9,379,463 12,809,280
Central Powers Population Millions Military Deaths Civilian Deaths Total Deaths Military Wounded
 Austria-Hungary21 51.4 1,100,000 467,000 1,567,000 3,620,000
 Bulgaria22 5.5 87,500 100,000 187,500 152,390
 German Empire23 64.9 2,050,897 426,000 2,476,897 4,247,143
 Ottoman Empire24 21.3 800,000 4,200,000 5,000,000 400,000
Total (Central Powers) 143.1 4,038,397 5,193,000 9,231,397 8,419,533
Neutral nations
 Denmark25 2.7 722 722
 Norway26 2.4 - 1,892 1,892
 Sweden27 5.6 - 877 877
Grand Total 944.0 9,750,103 8,864,248 18,614,351 21,228,813

Table sources

Graves of French soldiers who died on the Ypres Salient, Ypres Necropole National, Ypres, Belgium.
The India Gate in Delhi commemorates the Indian soldiers who died during World War I.

The main sources used for military and civilian deaths (unless stated otherwise in the footnotes below) are as follows:

  • The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2006-2007 is the source of the military dead for the British Empire The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead. Total war dead were 1,114,914, (UK and former colonies 886,342; Undivided India 74,187; Canada 64,944; Australia 61,928; New Zealand 18,050; South Africa 9,463). The totals include those killed in battle as well as non-combat deaths of military personnel. The report is available online at [19].
  • Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914-1920, The War Office March 1922 [11] This official report lists the deaths of soldiers from to 1914-18. Total war dead were 908,371 (the UK and former colonies 704,121; Undivided India 64,449; Canada 56,639; Australia 59,330; New Zealand 16,711; South Africa 7,121.[11,237].) The losses of Bulgaria and Portugal were also listed in the War Office report.[11,352-354]
  • Casualties and Medical Statistics, 1931,[21] the final volume of the Official Medical History of the War, gives a breakout of British Empire Army losses by cause of death. Total losses in combat theaters from 1914-1918 were 876,084, which included 418,361 killed, 167,172 died of wounds, 113,173 died of disease or injury, 161,046 missing and presumed dead and 16,332 prisoner of war deaths . These losses were not broken out for the UK and each Dominion. These figures do not include the losses of Dominion forces in the Gallipoli Campaign, since records were incomplete.[21,12].
  • Huber Michel,La Population de la France pendant la guerre, Paris 1931, [12]This study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace lists official data for war related military deaths and missing of France and its colonies.
  • Mortara, Giorgo. La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra, New Haven: Yale University Press 1925. [20] The official government Italian statistics on war dead are listed here. A brief summary of data from this report can be found online at -[20](go to Vol 13, No. 15).
  • Urlanis, Boris Wars and Population, Moscow, 1971, Lists the military dead of Russia, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro.[6,209]. Listed in the footnotes are his estimates of combat related casualties; killed and missing in action or died of wounds for each nation.[6,85]
  • Heeres-Sanitätsinspektion im Reichskriegsministeriums, Sanitätsbericht über das deutsche Heer, (Deutsches Feld- und Besatzungsheer), im Weltkriege 1914-1918, Volume 3, Sec. 1, Berlin 1934.[8]- The official German Army medical war history listed German losses.
  • Grebler, Leo and Winkler, Wilhelm The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria-Hungary, Yale University Press, 1940, -This study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace details the losses of Austria-Hungary and Germany in the war,[17]
  • Erickson, Edward J. Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood 2001, ISBN 0313315167. The data published here for casualties is from official Ottoman sources[14,211]
  • Hersch, Liebmann, La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. No 1. This study published in an academic journal detailed the demographic impact of the war on France, the UK, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, Serbia, Romania and Greece. The total estimated increase in the number of civilian deaths during the war was 2,155,000, not including an additional 1,000,000 Spanish Flu deaths. These indirect war losses were due to the severe shortages caused by the disruption of trade. (This article is available for purchase from Metron [21])

The main source for military wounded (unless stated otherwise in the footnotes below) is:

  • Tucker, Spencer C. ed. The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia, Garland Publishing, New York, 1996.[4,172]

The source of population data is.

  • Haythornthwaite, Philip J., The World War One Source Book Arms and Armour, 1993, 412 pages, ISBN 1854091026.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Africa
    The conflict in Africa caused enormous civilian casualties. The Oxford History of World War One notes that “ In east and central Africa the harshness of the war resulted in acute shortages of food with famine in some areas, a weakening of populations, and epidemic diseases which killed hundreds of thousands of people and also cattle’ [33,100]
    The following estimates of civilian deaths during World War 1 were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Kenya 30,000; Tanzania 100,000; Mozambique 50,000; Rwanda 15,000; Burundi 20,000 and the Belgian Congo 150,000.[35]
    Included with the military casualties of the UK, France, Germany, Belgium and Portugal are Africans who served with their armed forces. The details are noted in the footnotes of the various nations.
  2. ^ Australia
    Included in total are 54,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]-.
    The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2006-2007 is the source of total military dead. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [1] Totals include 2,005 military deaths during 1919-21[15]-.
    The 1922 War Office report listed 59,330 Army war dead[11,237].
  3. ^ Belgium
    Included in total are 35,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]-
    Official Belgian government figures for military losses in Europe were were 26,338 killed, died of wounds or accidents and 14,029 died of disease or missing, Total in Europe 40,367. In Africa: 2,620 soldiers killed and 15,560 porter deaths, total in the African campaign 18,270. Combined total for Europe and Africa 58,637[28,100]
    The estimate by UK War Office in 1922 was 13,716 killed and 24,456 missing up until Nov.11, 1918. "These figures are approximate only, the records being incomplete." [11,352]. By US War Dept in 1919: 102,000 Battle Deaths[25,139]
    Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 85,000. 55,000 caused by food shortages and German reprisal victims and 30,000 the Spanish Flu[23,59-62]Prof. John Horne estimated the deaths of 6,500 Belgian and French civilians killed in German reprisals[30]
  4. ^ Canada
    Included in total are 53,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds.[6,85]
    The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2006-2007 is the source of total military dead. Totals include 3,789 military deaths during 1919-21 and 150 Merchant Navy deaths[15]-. CANADIAN VIRTUAL WAR MEMORIAL contains a registry of information about the graves and memorials of more than 116,000 Canadians and Newfoundlanders who served valiantly and gave their lives for their country. [2]The losses of Newfoundland are listed separately on this table.
    The 1922 War Office report listed 56,639 Army war dead[11,237]. Civilian deaths were due to the Halifax Explosion
  5. ^ France
    Included in total are 1,126,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].
    The figures of total military dead are from a study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1931[12]- Totals include the deaths of 71,100 French Colonial Forces ,4,600 foreign nationals and war related military deaths of 28,600 from 11/11/18 to 6/1/1919.[12,414] The names of the Soldiers who died for France during World War I are listed online at [3]
    The French encyclopedia Quid reports that 30-40,000 foreign volunteers from about 40 nationalities served in the French army during 1914-18. Including Poles and Czechs, at the end of the war 12 000 were in the Czechoslovak Legions and the ethnic Polish Blue Army 5,000 Italians in a "Legion" commanded by Cel Garibaldi, 1,000 Spaniards, 1,500 Swiss. 200 American volunteers served with the French from 1914-16, including the Lafayette Escadrille[4]. Luxembourg was occupied by Germany during the war. 3,700 Luxembourg citizens served in the French armed forces, 2,800 gave their lives in the war. [5] They are commemorated at the Gëlle Fra in Luxembourg. The French Armenian Legion served as part of the French Armed forces during the war.
    Other estimates of French casualties are as follows:
    By UK War Office in 1922, 1,385,300 dead and missing, including 58,000 colonial soldiers[11,352]-
    By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths-1,385,000[25,139]
    Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 500,000. 300,000 caused by military operations, food shortages and 200,000 by the Spanish Flu[23,30-47], Civilian dead include 1,509 merchant sailors.[12,314] and 3,357 killed in air attacks and long range artillery bombardments[12,312-13]
  6. ^ Greece
    Included in total are 11,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].
    Jean Bujac in a campaign history of the Greek Army in World War One listed 8,365 combat related deaths and 3,255 missing[13,339], The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated total dead of 26,000 including 15,000 military deaths due disease[6,160].
    Other estimates of Greek casualties are as follows:
    By UK War Office in 1922: Killed/died wounds 5,000; prisoners and missing 1,000[11,353]-
    By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 7,000[25]
    Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 150,000, caused by food shortages and the Spanish Flu[23,80-81]
  7. ^ Indian Empire
    The Indian Empire included present day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
    Included in total are 27,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].
    The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2006-2007 is the source of total military dead. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [6] Totals include 15,069 military deaths during 1919-21 and 1,841 Merchant Navy dead[15].
    The 1922 War Office report listed 64,454 Army war dead(including 2,393 British solders serving with the Indian forces)[11,237].
  8. ^ Italy
    Included in total are 433,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]
    Figures of total military dead are from a 1925 Italian report using official data[20].
    Other estimates of Italian casualties are as follows:
    By UK War Office in 1922 Dead 460,000[11,352]-
    By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 364,000 [25,139]
    Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 1,021,000. 589,000 caused by food shortages and 432,000 by the Spanish Flu[23,52-59], civilian deaths included 1,107 due to air and sea bombardment[20,62-66].
  9. ^ Japan
    War dead figure is from a 1991 history of the Japanese Army[19,111]. However, Michael Clodfelter reported the official toll was put at 300 KIA and noted that "A more reliable count of total Japanese military deaths from all causes lists 1,344 fatalities."[10,483].
  10. ^ Luxembourg
    Luxembourg remained under German control during the war. Some citizens were conscripted unwillingly into the German forces. Others escaped to volunteer for the Allies.[31] 3,700 Luxembourgian nationals served in the French Army, of whom 2,800 died [32] They are commemorated at the Gëlle Fra in Luxembourg
  11. ^ Montenegro
    Michael Clodfelter lists 3,000 battle deaths and 7,000 missing and POW.[10,483]. However, the Yugoslav government in 1924 listed 13,325 military war dead from Montenegro [6,62-63].
  12. ^ New Zealand
    Included in total are 14,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].
    The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2006-2007 is the source of total military dead. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [7] Totals include 702 military deaths during 1919-21[15].
    The 1922 War Office report listed 16,711 Army war dead[11,237].
  13. ^ Newfoundland
    Newfoundland was a dominion at the time, and not part of Canada. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [8]
    The 1922 War Office report listed 1,204 Army war dead[11,237]
  14. ^ Portugal
    Figures reported by UK War Dept. include the following: killed and died of other causes up until Jan.1, 1920; 1,689 in France and 5,333 in Africa. Figures do not include an additional 12,318 listed as missing and POW. Africans are included in these figures[11,354].
    Another estimate of Portuguese casualties was as follows: By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 2,000 [25,139]
    Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 220,000, 82,000 caused by food shortages and 138,000 by the Spanish Flu[23,61-64]
  15. ^ Romania
    Included in total are 177,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].
    The statistic of 250,000 military dead is "The figure reported by the Rumanian Government in reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office"[6,64].
    Other estimates of Romanian casualties are as follows:
    By UK War Office in 1922: 335,706 Killed and missing [11,353]-
    By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 100,000[25,139]
    Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 430,000, caused by food shortages, epidemics and the Spanish Flu[23,76-80]
  16. ^ Russian Empire
    Included in total are 1,451,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85]
    The estimate of total Russian military and civilian losses was made by the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis.[6,46-57].
    Other estimates of Russian casualties are as follows:
    By UK War Office in 1922: Killed 1,700,000[11,353]-
    By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 1,700,000 [25,139]
    A 2001 study by the Russian military historian G.F. Krivosheev- Killed in action 1,200,000; missing in action 439,369; died of wounds 240,000, gassed 11,000., died from disease 155,000, POW deaths 190,000, deaths due to accidents and other causes.19,000. Total war dead 2,254,369. Wounded 3,749,000. POW 3,342,900. [34]
    Civilian deaths from 1914-1917 exceeded the prewar level by 1,500,000 due to famine and disease and military operations.[6,268.] The following estimate civilian deaths on the eastern front during World War 1 was made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total civilian deaths on the territory of the former Soviet Union and Poland were estimated at 1,440,000, including 460,000 due to military operations.[35]
  17. ^ Kingdom of Serbia
    Included in total are 165,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].
    The estimate of total combined Serbian and Montenegrin military losses of 278,000 was made by the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis[6,62-64]
    Other estimates of Serbian casualties are as follows:
    By Yugoslav government in 1924: Killed 365,164 [6,62-63].
    By UK War Office in 1922: Killed 45,000, missing 82,535[11,353]-
    By US War Dept in 1919:(including Montenegro): Battle deaths: 125,000[25,139]
    Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 450,000, due to food shortages, epidemics and the Spanish Flu[23,65-76]
  18. ^ South Africa
    Included in total are 5,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].
    The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2006-2007 is the source of total military dead. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [9] Totals include 380 military deaths during 1919-21[15].
    The 1922 War Office report listed 7,121 Army war dead[11,237].
  19. ^ UK and Colonies
    Included in total are 624,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].
    The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2006-2007 is the source of total military dead. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. [10] The CWGC military dead figures include 34,663 deaths during 1919-21 and 13,632 Merchant Navy deaths[15]. The UK recruited Indian, Chinese, native South African, Egyptian and other overseas labour to provide logistical support in the combat theaters. [11] Included with UK casualties in East Africa are the deaths of 44,911 recruited labourers. [21,12]. The CWGC reports that nearly 2,000 workers from the Chinese Labour Corps are buried with UK war dead in France. [12]
    Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 292,000. 109,000 due to food shortages and the Spanish Flu(183,577)[23,47-61]
    The losses of Newfoundland are listed separately on this table.
    The 1922 War Office report listed the deaths 702,410 "soldiers" from the UK[11,237]and 507 from "other colonies"[11,237]. The figures do not include Royal Navy war dead of 32,287 [11,339] and the Merchant Navy war dead of 14,661, which were listed separately [11,339]; Figures for total RAF war dead were not given in the War Office report.[11,495].
    The official "final and corrected" figures for British Army losses up until Sept. 30, 1919 were 573,507 Killed(including died from wounds and died of other causes); 99,868 missing and presumed dead; Total 673,375.[27,PartIV]
    Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 292,000. 109,000 due to food shortages and 183,577 by the Spanish Flu[23,47-61]
    The 1922 War Office report detailed the deaths of 1,260 civilians and 310 military personnel due to air and sea bombardment of the UK.[11,674-678]. Losses at sea were 908 UK civilians and 63 fisherman killed by U-Boat attacks[18,78]
  20. ^ United States
    Official military war deaths listed by the US Dept. of Defense for the period ending Dec. 31, 1918 are 116,516; which includes 53,402 battle deaths and 63,114 other deaths.[13], The US Coast Guard lost an additional 192 dead [10,481].
    United States estimated civilian losses include 128 killed on the RMS Lusitania as well as 629 crewmen killed on merchant ships, details given at United States Merchant Marine website[14].
  21. ^ Austria-Hungary
    Included in total are 900,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].
    The figures of total estimated military dead are from a study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1940, based on analysis of Austro-Hungarian War Dept. data.[17,179]
    Other estimates of Austro-Hungarian casualties are as follows:
    By Austrian Ministry of Defense in 1938: Military dead 1,016,200[26, VII, Beilage 37]
    By UK War Office in 1922: Dead 1,200,00[11,357]-
    By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 800,000[25,139]
    Civilian deaths are those in excess of the pre war level, the primary cause being famine and the Spanish flu.[17,179]-
  22. ^ Bulgaria
    Included in total are 62,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].
    The data reported by the Bulgarian War Office was 48,917 killed, 13,198 died of wounds, 888 accidentally killed, 24,497 died of disease, "losses during the retreat from sickness and privations were much greater than the figures they possess".[11,354].
    Another estimate of Bulgarian casualties was as follows: By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 100,000 [25,139]
    Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 100,000 due to food shortages and the Spanish Flu [6,268].
  23. ^ German Empire
    Included in total are 1,796,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds[6,85].
    The official German medical war history lists the following confirmed military dead from all causes: Army 1,900,876, Navy 34,836 ,Colonial troops 1,185, plus an estimated 100,000 missing and presumed dead. [8,7-14]-To these figures we must add an additional 14.000 African conscript deaths during the war.[11,355]Total dead 2,050,897.[8,7-14]-
    Other estimates of German casualties are as follows:
    By UK War Office in 1922: Killed 1,808,545 exclusive of 14.000 African conscript deaths during the war.[11,355]-
    By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 1,600,000[25,139]
    Civilian deaths are those in excess of the pre war level, the primary cause being famine 424,000 and 200,000 the Spanish flu. The figures of civilian war related deaths are from a study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1940, based on analysis of German government data.[17,78] 720 German civilians were killed by air attacks [11,678].
  24. ^ Ottoman Empire
    Total Ottoman losses were approximately 5 million, the Ottoman Empire suffered among the greatest number of casualties per capita of all combatants. Civilian losses were caused by famine, disease and the Armenian Genocide which resulted in the deaths of about 1.5 million Armenians[22,77] The Armenian resistance (1914-1918) fought against the Ottoman government.
    Ottoman military casualties are from data in the Ottoman Archives that was published in Turkey in the World War by Ahmed Emin, Yale 1930. Military deaths include 305,085 killed or missing action and 466,759 deaths due to disease[14,211]
    Other estimates of Ottoman military casualties are as follows:
    By UK War Office in 1922: Killed 50,000, died wounds 35,000, died of disease 240,000 [11,]-
    By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 250,000[25,139]
    Regarding civilian losses in the Ottoman Empire Edward J. Erikson [15]has noted “ To the military losses must be added the huge loss of life and productivity of the Muslim, Armenian and other Ottoman civilians killed or injured during the war” He also noted that “The empire’s productive Armenian population was largely gone”[14,210-211]. -
  25. ^ Denmark
    Denmark was neutral in the war but a part of Denmark was placed in Germany at that time, causing 3900 of 30.000 enlisted danes to die in German service, these losses are included with German casualties. 722 Danish merchant sailors died, mostly due to vessels torpedoed by German submarines.[16]
  26. ^ Norway
    Norway was neutral in the war but 1,892 Norwegian merchant sailors died, mostly due to vessels torpedoed by German submarines. Norway lost about 50% of its merchant fleet, percentage-wise the highest loss of any nation's merchant fleet in WWI.[17]
  27. ^ Sweden
    Sweden was neutral in the war but 877 Swedish merchant sailors died, mostly due to vessels torpedoed or sunk by mines. [18]

See also

Main article

World War I

Other

References

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  • 2. ^ -Nicolson, Colin, The Longman Companion to the First World War, Longman 2001, ISBN 0-582-28983-1
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  • 5. ^ -Hirschfeld, Gerhard (Ed.), Enzyklopaedie Erster Weltkrieg, Paderborn, 2004, ISBN 3506739131 (esp. article "Kriegsverluste" by Ruediger Overmans P. 663-666)
  • 6. ^ -Urlanis, Boris, Wars and Population, Moscow, 1971
  • 7. ^ -Urlanis, Boris, Bilanz der Kriege, Berlin, 1965.
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  • 9. ^ -Dumas, Samuel, Losses of Life Caused by War, Oxford 1923
  • 10. ^  Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6.
  • 11. ^ -Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914-1920, The War Office March 1922 -Reprinted by Naval & Military Press- ISBN 1847346812
  • 12. ^ -"Huber M.,La Population de la France pendant la guerre, Paris 1931
  • 13. ^ -"Bujac, Jean. Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique, 1918-1922, Paris, 1930
  • 14. ^ -Edward J. Erickson, Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood 2001. ISBN 0313315167
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  • 16. ^ -Grey, Randal Chronicle of the First World War, Vol II: 1917-1921, Facts On File, 1991. ISBN 0816025959
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  • 19. ^ Harries, Merion, Soldiers of the Sun-The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army,Random House, 1991 ISBN 0679753036
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  • 21. ^ Mitchell, T.J. Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War London 1931; Reprinted by Battery Press, 1997 ISBN 0898392632
  • 22. ^ James L.Gelvin The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521852890
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  • 24. ^ -Ellis, John World War I-Databook, Aurum Press, 1993 ISBN 1854107666
  • 25. ^ -Ayers, Leonard, The War With Germany- A Statistical Summary, US War Dept 1919.
  • 26. ^ -Österreichischen Bundesministerium für Herrswesen, Österreich-Ungarns letzer Kreig, 1914-1918. Vol. 7, Vienna 1938.
  • 27. ^ The Army Council. General Annual Report of the British Army 1912-1919. Parliamemtary Paper 1921, XX, Cmd.1193.
  • 28. ^ l'Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915-1919. Bruxelles 1922.
  • 29. ^ World War I casualties - from Twentieth Century Atlas
  • 30. ^  Horne, John and Kramer, Alan Kramer, German Atrocities, 1914 ISBN 0300089759
  • 31. ^  Haythornthwaite, Philip J. The World War One Sourcebook, Arms and Armour 1992 ISBN 1854091026
  • 32. ^  Richard Doody">Doody, Richard. "The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg". Retrieved on 2006-07-23.
  • 33. ^ Strachan, Hew- World War I: A History. Oxford University Press, 1999 ISBN 9780198206149
  • 34. ^ G.F. Krivosheeva . Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : poteri vooruzhennykh sil : statisticheskoe issledovanie / pod obshchei redaktsiei Moskva : OLMA-Press, 2001 (Available online at [23]
  • 35. ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1

External links

World War I portal


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