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Zaouia (Arabic زاوية "corner"), also spelled zawiya, zawiyah, zaouiya, zaouïa zwaya, etc, is a Maghrebi and West African term for an Islamic religious school or monastery, roughly corresponding to the Eastern term "madrassa". The zawiya often contains a pool, and sometimes a fountain.1
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Schools in the Maghreb
In precolonial times, these were the primary sources for education in the area, and taught basic literacy to a large proportion of children even in quite remote mountainous areas - leading to a 40% literacy rate in Algeria in 1830, for instance, which was actually higher than after the French left.citation needed Their curriculum began with memorization of the Arabic alphabet and the later, shorter suras of the Qur'an; if a student was sufficiently interested or apt, it progressed to law (fiqh), theology, Arabic grammar (usually taught with al-Ajurrumi's famous summary), mathematics (mainly as it pertained to inheritance law), and sometimes astronomy. These are still operational throughout the Maghreb, and continue to be a major educational resource in the Sahel of West Africa, from Mauritania to Nigeria.
Sufi lodges
In the Arab world, the term zawiya can also refer to a Sufi lodge, akin to the term khanqah used in the Persian-speaking world. An example is the Hilaliyya Zawiya in Syria.
Hassane tribal usage
Among the Hassaniya Arabic-speaking populations of Mauritania, Western Sahara, Morocco, Mali and Algeria (often referred to as Moors/Maure and Sahrawis), the term is also used to signify a certain type of tribe. Sahrawi-Moorish society was traditionally (and still is, to some extent) stratified into several tribal castes, with the Hassane warrior tribes ruling and extracting tribute - horma - from the subservient znaga tribes. A middle caste was formed by the Zawiya, or scholarly tribes, who provided religious teaching and services. This did not necessarily mean that they maintained a monastery or school as described above, since all these tribes were more or less nomadic. Hoewever, important shaykhs would sometimes create schools, or, after their deaths, their graves would turn into holy places of significance to the tribe.
Often, the Zawiya tended to be descended from Sanhadja Berbers, while the Hassane claimed lineage from the Beni Hassan Arabs. Even if intermarriage and tribal alliances made the distinction difficult to maintain from a scientific perspective, it was culturally important; however, from about the 19th century, most or all Sahrawi-Moorish tribes had adopted the Hassaniyya Arabic dialect and come to regard themselves as Arabs. Sometimes, the Zawiya and Hassane roles changed with this: military and economic strength would often lead to a gradual redefinition of the tribe's role, and, simultaneously, to its self-perception of religious and ethnic background. Especially in the northern Hassane areas, i.e. today's Western Sahara, the Zawiya tribes were more or less synonymous with the Chorfa, tribes who claimed descent from the Prophet Muhammad. In the areas corresponding broadly to today's Mauritania, this was not necessarily so; there, the name "Marabout" is also used synonymously with "Zawiya" in its tribal meaning.
References
- ^ M. D. Goulder, Stanley E. Porter, Paul M. Joyce, David E. Orton, Preview this bookCrossing the Boundaries: Essays in Biblical Interpretation, 1994, BRILL publisher, 381 pages ISBN 9004101314
External links
- Zaouias and Marabouts in Morocco (bad translation of a French original)
- Strategies for Strengthening Local Capacity, with some remarkable statistics on the role of zaouias ("Koranic schooling") in West African literacy.
- architecture of zaouias zaouias in Tunisia
Wikipedia content modification information:
- This page was last modified on 11 September 2008, at 18:55.
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