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Zapotec Diidzaj, Diza, Ditsa, Diidxazá, Tiits Së . . .
Spoken in:	Mexico (Oaxaca, Puebla, Guerrero); USA
Total speakers:	ca 500,000
Language family:	Oto-Manguean  Zapotecan   Zapotec
Official status
Official language in:	none
Regulated by:	Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	various; see List of Zapotec languages.
ISO 639-3:	–
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Zapotec language(s) describes a group of closely-related indigenous Mesoamerican languages spoken by the Zapotec people from Mexico's southwestern-central highlands region. Present-day numbers of native speakers are estimated at over half a million, with the majority inhabiting the state of Oaxaca. Zapotec-speaking communities are also found in the neighbouring states of Puebla, and Guerrero. Emigration has also resulted in a number of native Zapotec-speakers residing in the United States, particularly in the state of California.

Contents 1 Name 2 Classification 3 Phonetics and Phonology 3.1 Fortis / Lenis 3.2 Tone 3.3 Phonation 4 Grammar 4.1 Word order 4.1.1 Clausal word order 4.1.2 Word order in other phrases 4.1.3 Word order variation 4.2 Valence alternations 4.3 Other verb inflection 4.4 Terminology 4.5 Abbreviations 5 Documentation and scholarship 6 Use 7 References 8 Selected Bibliography 8.1 Dictionaries and Grammars 8.2 Theses and Dissertations 8.3 Books 8.4 Texts 8.5 Additional materials 8.5.1 Relating to phonetics and phonology 8.5.2 Relating to morphology and syntax 8.5.3 Relating to discourse analysis 8.5.4 General and miscellaneous 9 External links

Name

The name of the language in Zapotec itself varies according to the geographical variant. In Juchitán (Isthmus) it is Diidxazá didʒazá and in Santa Catarina Quioquitani it is Tiits Së tiˤts sæ, for example.¹ The first part of these expressions is the word meaning 'word'.

Classification

See also: List of Zapotec languages

Zapotec and the related language Chatino together form the Zapotecan subgroup of the Oto-Manguean language family.

There is no one Zapotec language: in fact there are probably over 60 varieties of Zapotec. Given that the dialectal divergence observed between Zapotec-speaking communities is an extensive one (many variants of Zapotec are mutually unintelligible with one other), it is also recognised as forming a "dialect continuum".

Zapotec languages and dialects fall into four broad divisions: Zapoteco de la Sierra Norte (Northern Zapotec), Valley Zapotec, Zapoteco de la Sierra Sur [Southern Zapotec], and Isthmus Zapotec. Northern Zapotec languages are spoken in the mountainous region of Oaxaca, in the Northern Sierra Madre mountain ranges; Southern Zapotec languages and are spoken in the mountainous region of Oaxaca, in the Southern Sierra Madre mountain ranges; Valley Zapotec languages are spoken in the Valley of Oaxaca, and Isthmus Zapotec languages are spoken in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

Phonetics and Phonology

Phonologically, characteristics common to many Zapotec languages include: six or seven vowels; a plethora of fricatives; tone systems (present in all Zapotec variants); and a fortis / lenis distinction in consonants.

Fortis / Lenis

In Zapotec languages, fortis typically corresponds to voicelessness in stops and fricatives and long in sonorants. Lenis corresponds to voiced in stops and fricatives and short in sonorants. The valence alternations shown in the Grammar section below show fortis consonants at the beginning of many transitive verbs and corresponding lenis consonants at the beginning of many intransitive verbs.

Tone

Zapotec languages differ in the number of contrasting tones they have. One example is Texmelucan Zapotec, which has four contrasting tones: three contour tones and one level tone, as shown in the figure.

Phonation

In a number of Zapotec languages there are phonation type differences in vowels. San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec, for example, has phonation contrasts between modal, breathy, creaky, and checked vowels (Munro and Lopez, et al. 1999).

Grammar

Zapotec languages form part of the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area, an area of linguistic convergence developed throughout millennia of interaction between the peoples of Mesoamerica.

Zapotec languages vary considerably. Some characteristics of Zapotec grammar common to the language family (though not necessarily present in all members) are: an extensive 3rd person pronoun system based on noun classes such as divinity, babies, animals, objects (inanimate), etc; a distinction in the first person plural ("we") as to inclusive (including the hearer(s)) and exclusive (not including the hearer(s)); a frequent underspecificity of singular/plural distinctions.

Word order

Clausal word order

Zapotec languages are VSO, as in the following example from San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec (Broadwell 2001):

Ù-dììny	Juáàny	bè'cw.
completive-hit	Juan	dog

'Juan hit the dog.'

Though the most basic order has the verb at the beginning of the sentence, all Zapotec languages have a number of preverbal positions for topical, focal, negative, and/or interrogative elements. The following example from Quiegolani Zapotec (Black 2001) shows a focused element and an adverb before the verb:

Laad	ʂ-unaa	Dolf	ʤe	z-u	nga.
FOCUS	POSS-woman	Rodolfo	already	PROG-stand	there

‘Rodolfo’s wife was already standing there.’

The preverbal position for interrogatives is shown in the following example, from San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec (Broadwell 2001). This is an example of wh-movement:

Túú	ù-dììny	bè'cw?
who	completive-hit	dog

'Who hit the dog?'

Word order in other phrases

Zapotec languages have head-initial order in noun phrases (NP), as in the following example from Quiegolani Zapotec (Black 2001):

ʂ-unaa	Dolf
POSS-woman	Rodolfo

‘Rodolfo’s wife’

Zapotec languages also have prepositional phrases, rather than postpositional phrases.

Word order variation

Zapotec languages also show the phenomenon known as pied-piping with inversion, which may change the head-initial order of phrases such as NP, PP, and QP.

Valence alternations

Most Zapotec languages do not have a passive, but generally show morphological relationships between pairs of verbs which differ in valence. In one typical pattern, an intransitive stative verb begins with a lenis consonant while the corresponding transitive active verb begins with the corresponding fortis consonant. Consider the following examples from Mitla Zapotec (Stubblefield and Stubblefield 1991):

Intransitive verb	Transitive verb
[zæb] ‘to sink (intr.)’	[sæb] ‘to sink (trans.)’
[dejb] ‘to be wrapped’	[tejb] ‘to wrap’
[nijt] ‘to be lost’	[nnijt] ‘to lose’
[lib] ‘to be tied’	[llib] ‘to tie’

Other verb inflection

Verbs in Zapotec languages inflect with prefixes to show grammatical aspect.

The following example from San Dionisio Zapotec (Broadwell 2001) shows the use of the completive aspect:

Ù-dììny	Juáàny	bè'cw.
completive-hit	Juan	dog

'Juan hit the dog.'

San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec (Munro and Lopez, et al. 1999) has seven aspect markers: habitual, perfective, irrealis, progressive, definite, subjunctive, and neutral.

Terminology

Many linguists working on Zapotec languages use different terminology for describing what appear to be related or similar phenomenon, such as grammatical aspect markers. The following table shows some correspondences:

perfective (San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec (SLQZ), Munro and Lopez, et al. 1999)	completive (San Dionisio Zapotec, Broadwell 2001)
irrealis (SLQZ)	futuro (Santa Ana del Valle Zapotec (SAVZ), Rojas Torres)
neutral (SLQZ)	estativo (SAVZ)

Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in glossing the examples above.

POSS possessed
PROG progressive aspect

Documentation and scholarship

Franciscan and/or Dominican friars published a vocabulary and grammar of Zapotec in the 16th century [Córdova 1578a, 1578b]. In the past century there have been ongoing efforts to produce Zapotec alphabets and to write in Zapotec. The Isthmus Zapotec alphabet in use today was founded in the 1950s, drawing from works going back as far as the 1920s. Until recently the Zapotec language were only sparsely studied and documented but in recent years Zapotec language has begun to receive serious attention by descriptive linguists (see bibliography).

Use

The viability of Zapotec languages also varies tremendously. Loxicha Zapotec, for example, has over 70,000 speakers. San Felipe Tejalapan Zapotec might have ten, all elderly. San Agustin Mixtepec Zapotec reportedly has just one remaining speaker. Historically, government teachers discouraged the use of the language, which has contributed to its diminution in many places. Other areas however, such as the Isthmus, proudly maintain their mother tongue.

Zapotec-language programming is carried by the CDI's radio stations XEGLO, based in Guelatao de Juárez, Oaxaca, and XEQIN-AM, based in San Quintín, Baja California.

References

• Black, Cheryl A. 2000. Quiegolani Zapotec Syntax: A Principles and Parameters Account. SIL International and University of Texas at Arlington.
• Broadwell, George A. 2001. Optimal order and pied-piping in San Dionicio Zapotec. in Peter Sells, ed. Formal and Empirical Issues in Optimality Theoretic Syntax, pp. 197-123. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
• Munro, Pamela, and Felipe H. Lopez, with Olivia V. Méndez [Martínez], Rodrigo Garcia, and Michael R. Galant. 1999. Di'csyonaary X:tèe'n Dìi'zh Sah Sann Lu'uc (San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec Dictionary / Diccionario Zapoteco de San Lucas Quiaviní). Los Angeles: (UCLA) Chicano Studies Research Center Publications.
• Stubblefield, Morris and Carol Stubblefield. 1991. Diccionario Zapoteco de Mitla. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, Mexico.

Selected Bibliography

Dictionaries and Grammars

• Alleman, Vera Mae, compiler. 1952. Vocabulario zapoteco del Rincón.‭ Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
• Bartholomew, Doris A. 1983. Grammatica Zapoteca, in Neil Nellis and Jane Goodner Nellis Diccionario Zapoteco de Juarez Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. Mexico.
• Black, Cheryl A. 2000. Quiegolani Zapotec Syntax: A Principles and Parameters Account. SIL International and University of Texas at Arlington.
• Briggs, Elinor. 1961. Mitla Zapotec grammar.‭ Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano and Centro de Investigaciones Antropológicas de México.
• Butler, Inez M. 1980. Gramática zapoteca: Zapoteco de Yatzachi el Bajo. Gramáticas de Lenguas Indígenas de México, 4. Mexico: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
• Butler, Inez M., compiler. 1997. Diccionario Zapoteco de Yatzachi: Yatzachi el bajo, Yatzachi el alto, Oaxaca. Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas "Mariano Silva y Aceves", 37. Tucson, AZ: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
• Córdova, Fr. Juan de. 1886 [1578a]. Arte del idioma zapoteco. Morelia: Imprenta del Gobierno.
• Córdova, Fr. Juan de. 1987 [1578b]. Vocabulario en lengua çapoteca. México: Ediciones Toledo (INAH).
• Junta Colombina de México. 1893. Vocabulario castellano - zapotec. Mexico City : Oficina Tipográfica de la Secretaría de Fomento.
• Long C., Rebecca & Sofronio Cruz M., compilers. 1999. Diccionario Zapoteco de San Bartolomé Zoogocho Oaxaca.‭ Coyoacán D.F.: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. [1].
• López, Filemón & Ronaldo Newberg Y. 2005. La conjugación del verbo zapoteco: zapoteco de Yalálag.‭ 2nd ed. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. [2]* Méndez S., Pedro, compiler, & others. 2004. Diccionario zapoteco; Zapoteco de San Pablo Yaganiza, Oaxaca.‭ Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
• Munro, Pamela, and Felipe H. Lopez, with Olivia V. Méndez [Martínez], Rodrigo Garcia, and Michael R. Galant. 1999. Di'csyonaary X:tèe'n Dìi'zh Sah Sann Lu'uc (San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec Dictionary / Diccionario Zapoteco de San Lucas Quiaviní). Los Angeles: (UCLA) Chicano Studies Research Center Publications.
• Nellis, Neil and Jane Goodner Nellis. 1983. Diccionario Zapoteco de Juarez. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. Mexico.
• Pickett, Velma B. and others. 1959. Vocabulario zapoteco del Istmo : Castellano zapoteco, zapoteco-castellano. Serie de vocabularios indígenas "Mariano Silva y Aceves", 3. Mexico: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. [2nd ed., revised and enlarged (1965); republished (1968, 1971)]. Fifth edition (2007) available on-line: [3].
• Pickett, Velma B., Cheryl A. Black and Vicente Marcial C. 2001. Gramática Popular del Zapoteco del Istmo. 2nd edition. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano; Tucson, Arizona. [Online: http://www.sil.org/mexico/zapoteca/istmo/G023a-GramaticaZapIstmo-ZAI.htm.]
• Ruegsegger, Manis & Jane Ruegsegger. 1955. Vocabulario zapoteco del dialecto de Miahuatlán del Estado de Oaxaca.‭ Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
• Sonnenschein, Aaron Huey. 2005. A descriptive grammar of San Bartolomé Zoogocho Zapotec. Munich: Lincom Europa.
• Stubblefield, Morris and Carol Stubblefield. 1991. Diccionario Zapoteco de Mitla. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, Mexico.

Theses and Dissertations

• Avelino, Heriberto. 2004. Topics in Yalálag Zapotec, with particular reference to its phonetic structures. UCLA Ph.D. dissertation.
• Beam de Azcona, Rosemary G. 2004. A Coatlán-Loxicha Zapotec Grammar. Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.
• Esposito, Christina M. 2002. Santa Ana del Valle Zapotec Phonation. M.A. thesis, UCLA.
• Foreman, John. 2006. The Morphosyntax of Subjects in Macuiltianguis Zapotec. Ph.D. Dissertation, UCLA.
• Galant, Michael R. 1998. Comparative Constructions in Spanish and San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec. Ph.D. Dissertation, UCLA.
• Gibbs, William P. 1977. Discourse elements in Sierra de Juarez Zapotec.‭ M.A. thesis. University of Texas at Arlington.
• Heise, Jennifer Lynn. 2003. Participant reference and tracking in San Francisco Ozolotepec Zapotec.‭ M.A. thesis. Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics.
• Jensen de López, Kristine M. 2002. Baskets and Body-Parts. Ph.D. dissertation, Aarhus University.
• Lee, Felicia A. 1999. Antisymmetry and the Syntax of San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec. Ph.D. dissertation, UCLA.
• Lillehaugen, Brook Danielle. 2003. The Categorial Status of Body Part Prepositions in Valley Zapotec. M.A. thesis, UCLA. (online pdf: http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/grads/lillehaugen/Lillehaugen%202003.pdf)
• Lillehaugen, Brook Danielle. 2006. Expressing Location in Tlacolula Valley Zapotec. Ph.d. dissertation, UCLA.
• MacLaury, Robert E. 1970. Ayoquesco Zapotec: Ethnography, phonology, and lexicon. MA thesis, University of the Americas.
• Méndez [Martínez], Olivia V. 2000. Code-Switching and the Matrix Language Model in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec. M.A. thesis, UCLA.
• Pickett, Velma B. 1959. The grammatical hierarchy of Isthmus Zapotec.‭ Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan.
• Reeck, Roger. 1991. A trilingual dictionary in Zapotec, English and Spanish. MA thesis, Universidad de las Américas-Puebla.
• Riggs, David B. 1991. A comparative grammar of English for Zapotec speakers (Gramática comparativa inglés-zapoteco).‭ M.A. thesis. Universidad de las Américas.
• Sonnenschein, Aaron Huey. 2004. A Descriptive Grammar of Zoogocho Zapotec on a Typological Basis. University of Southern California Ph.D. dissertation.

Books

• de Feria, Fray Pedo. 1567. Doctrina Christiana en lengua castellana y zapoteca.
• Jiménez Girón, Eustaquio. 1980. Guía gráfico-fonémica para la escritura y lectura del zapoteco. Juchitán, Oaxaca: Vitoria Yan.
• Jiménez Jiménez, Enedino & Vicente Marcial Cerqueda. 1997. Neza diidxa': ni gacané binnihuaniisi gu'nda', gucaa ne güi' diidxazá (Vocabulario zapoteco: auxiliar del modelo pedagógico de diálogo cultural y alfabetización). Juchitán, Oaxaca: Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Binnizá.
• Liga Bíblica, La [Jones, Ted, et al.]. 1995. Xtiidx Dios Cun Ditsa (El Nuevo Testamento en el zapoteco de San Juan Guelavía y en español).
• Munro, Pamela, Brook Danielle Lillehaugen and Felipe H. Lopez. In preparation. Cali Chiu? A Course in Valley Zapotec. ms.: UCLA / UNAM.

Texts

• Butler, Inez M. 1982. Un relato de la hechicería en los pueblos zapotecos de la sierra en el distrito de Villa Alta.‭ Tlalocan 9: 249-55.
• Nellis, Donald G. 1979. The old woman and the town authorities: Cajonos Zapotec. In: Linda K. Jones (ed.) Discourse studies in Mesoamerican languages 2: Texts, 181-208. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
• Olson, Donald. 1970. The earthquake in Ocotlán: Three texts in Zapotec. Tlalocan 6: 229-39.
• Persons, David. 1979. Rabbit, coyote, and skunk; When people die: Lachixio Zapotec. In: Linda K. Jones (ed.) Discourse studies in Mesoamerican languages 2: Texts, 211-23. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
• Rendón, Juan José. 1995. El tlacuache y el coyote en zapoteco. In: Juan José Rendón (ed.) Diversificación de las lenguas zapotecas. Mexico City: Instituto Oaxaqueño de las Culturas, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores de Antropología Social.
• Speck, Charles H., compiler. 1998. Zapotec oral literature; El folklore de San Lorenzo Texmelucan. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
• Stubblefield, Morris & Carol Stubblefield. 1969. The story of Läy and Gisaj: a Zapotec sun and moon myth.‭ Tlalocan 6: 46-62.
• Stubblefield, Morris & Carol Stubblefield, compilers. 1994. Mitla Zapotec texts. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Additional materials

Relating to phonetics and phonology

• Bickmore, Lee S. and George A. Broadwell. 1998. High tone docking in Sierra Juárez Zapotec. International Journal of American Linguistics, 64:37-67.
• Jones, Ted E., and Lyle M. Knudson. 1977. "Guelavía Zapotec Phonemes". Studies in Otomanguean Phonology, ed., William R. Merrifield, pp. 163-80. [Dallas/Arlington]: SIL / University of Texas, Arlington.
• Merrill, Elizabeth D. 2008. Tilquiapan Zapotec. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38(1): 107-114.
• Rendón, Juan José. 1970. Notas fonológicas del Zapotec de Tlacochahuaya. Anales de Antropología, vol. 7. Mexico City: UNAM.

Relating to morphology and syntax

• Broadwell, George A. 2001. Optimal order and pied-piping in San Dionicio Zapotec. in Peter Sells, ed. Formal and Empirical Issues in Optimality Theoretic Syntax, pp. 197-123. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
• Broadwell, George A. 2005. The morphology of Zapotec pronominal clitics.in Rosemary Beam de Azcona and Mary Paster, eds. Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, Report 13: Conference on Otomanguean and Oaxacan Languages, pp. 15-35. University of California at Berkeley.
• Butler, Inez M. 1976. "Reflexive constructions of Yatzachi Zapotec." International Journal of American Linguistics 42: 331-37.
• Butler, Inez M. 1976. "Verb classification of Yatzachi Zapotec.‭" SIL Mexico Workpapers 2: 74-84.
• Earl, Robert. 1968. "Rincon Zapotec clauses.‭" International Journal of American Linguistics 34: 269-74.
• Jones, Ted E., and Ann D. Church. 1985. "Personal pronouns in Guelavía Zapotec". S.I.L.-Mexico Workpapers 7: 1-15.
• Lee, Felicia A. In press. "On the Absence of Quantificational Determiners in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec." To appear in L. Matthewson, (ed.) Quantification: Universals and Variation. Elsevier.
• Lee, Felicia A. n.d. "Modality and the Structure of Tense in Zapotec." In B. Bruening, (ed.), Proceedings of SCIL 8. Cambridge: MITWPL.
• Lee, Felicia A. n.d. "Pseudo-quantification in Possessives." In C. Pye, (ed.), Proceedings of the Mid-America Linguistics Conference. Lawrence: The University of Kansas.
• Lee, Felicia A. n.d. "Focus and Judgment Type in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec." In M. Juge and J. Moxley, (eds.), Proceedings of BLS 23. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistic Society.
• Lee, Felicia A. n.d. "The Predicational Nature of Clefts: Evidence from Zapotec." In K. Singer, R. Eggert, and G. Anderson, (eds.), Proceedings of CLS 33. Chicago: The Chicago Linguistic Society.
• Lee, Felicia A. n.d. "Three Question Markers in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec." To appear in Anthropological Linguistics.
• Lee, Felicia A. 1995. "Aspect, Negation, and Temporal Polarity in Zapotec." In B. Agbayani and S.-W. Tang, (eds.), Proceedings of WCCFL 15. Stanford: CSLI.
• Lee, Felicia A. 1996. "Focus in the Future and the Thetic/Categorical Distinction." In V. Samiian, (ed.), Proceedings of WECOL 96. Fresno: California State University, Fresno.
• Lee, Felicia A. 1997. "Evidence for Tense in a 'Tenseless' Language." In P. Tamagi, M. Hirotani, and N. Hall, (eds.), Proceedings of NELS 29. Amherst: GLSA.
• Lee, Felicia A. 2000. "VP Remnant Movement and VSO in Quiaviní Zapotec." In A. Carnie and E. Guilfoyle (editors), The Syntax of Verb Initial Languages, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Lee, Felicia A. 2000. "Relative Clauses Without Wh-Movement." In M. Kim and U. Strauss, (eds.), Proceedings of NELS 31. Amherst: GLSA.
• Lee, Felicia A. 2001. "WH and Focus Are Not the Same Projection." In K. Megerdoomian and L. Bar-El, (eds.), Proceedings of WCCFL 20. Somerville: Cascadilla Press.
• Lee, Felicia A. 2001. "Anaphoric R-Expressions: Bound Names as Bound Variables." In M. Hirotani, (ed.), Proceedings of NELS 32. Amherst: GLSA.
• Lee, Felicia A. 2002 "Anaphoric R-Expressions as Bound Variables." Proceedings of BLS 28.
• Lee, Felicia A. 2003. "Anaphoric R-Expressions as Bound Variables." Syntax. 6, 1: 84-114. Blackwell Publishing.
• Lee, Felicia A. 2005. "Clause-Fronting and Clause-Typing in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec." In Andrew Carnie, Heidi Harley, Sheila Dooley Collberg (eds) Verb First, John Benjamins Publishers, Philadelphia/Amsterdam.
• Lee, Felicia A. 2006. Remnant Raising and VSO Clausal Architecture: A Case Study from San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec. Springer.
• Lillehaugen, Brook Danielle. 2003. "The Acquisition of Body Part Prepositions in Valley Zapotec Languages." Proceedings from the First Conference on Indigenous Languages of Latin America, (online proceedings http://www.ailla.utexas.org/site/cilla1_toc.html), University of Texas, Austin.
• Lillehaugen, Brook Danielle. 2004. "The Syntactic and Semantic Development of Body Part Prepositions in Valley Zapotec Languages," pp. 69 – 92, Proceedings from the sixth Workshop on American Indigenous Languages, Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics, vol. 14, Jeanie Castillo (ed.). (pdf online http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/grads/lillehaugen/Lillehaugen2003WAIL.pdf)
• Munro, Pamela. 2002. "Hierarchical Pronouns in Discourse: Third Person Pronouns in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec Narratives". Southwest Journal of Linguistics 21: 37-66.
• Lyman, Larry. 1964. The verb syntagmemes of Choapan Zapotec. Linguistics 7: 16-41.
• Marlett, Stephen A. 1993. Zapotec pronoun classification. International Journal of American Linguistics 59: 82-101.
• Marlett, Stephen A. & Velma B. Pickett. 1996. El pronombre inaudible en el zapoteco del Istmo.‭ In Zarina Estrada Fernández, Max Figueroa Esteva & Gerardo López Cruz (eds.) III Encuentro de Lingüística en el Noroeste, 119-150. Hermosillo, Sonora: Editorial Unison.
• Operstein, Natalie. 2002. "Positional Verbs and Relational Nouns in Zaniza Zapotec," pp. 60-70. Proceedings from the fourth Workshop on American Indigenous Languages, Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics, vol 11.
• Rojas, Rosa Maria. to appear. "La predicación secundaria en el zapoteco de Santa Ana del Valle, Oax." por aparecer en Memorias del Primer Coloquio "Leonardo Manrique", México: INAH.
• Rojas, Rosa Maria. 2001. "La formación de palabras desde el punto de vista del contenido en lenguas zapotecas: la modificación y el desarrollo" en Dimensión Antropológica, vol. 21, 2001.
• Speck, Charles H. 1994. Texmelucan Zapotec verbs.‭ Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session 38: 125-29
• Speck, Charles H. 1994. The existential use of positional verbs in Texmelucan Zapotec.‭ Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session 38: 75-86.
• Speck, Charles H. & Velma B. Pickett. 1976. Some properties of the Texmelucan Zapotec verbs go, come, and arrive.‭ International Journal of American Linguistics 42: 58-64.

Relating to discourse analysis

• Benton, Joseph P. 1987. Clause and sentence-level word order and discourse strategy in Chichicapan Zapotec oral narrative discourse. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 72-84.
• Benton, Joseph P. 1997. Aspect shift in Chichicapan Zapotec narrative discourse. SIL Mexico Workpapers 12: 34-46.
• Hopkins, Mary L. 1995. "Narrative peak in Xanaguía Zapotec." SIL Mexico Workpapers 11: 17-36.
• Kreikebaum, Wolfram. 1987. Fronting and related features in Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 33-71.
• Long, Rebecca. 1985. Topicalization in Zoogocho Zapotec expository discourse.‭ SIL Mexico Workpapers 7: 61-100.
• Lyman, Rosemary. 1977. Participant identification in Choapan Zapotec. ‭Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota 21: 115-31.
• (de) Martinez, Valerie. 1995. Who’s who in Quiatoni Zapotec narratives. SIL Mexico Workpapers 11: 37-46.
• Newberg, Ronald. 1987. Participant accessibility in Yalálag Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 12-25.
• Olive, Julie Nan. 1995. Speech verbs in Xanaguía Zapotec narrative. SIL Mexico Workpapers 11: 47-52.
• Piper, Michael J. 1995. The functions of ‘lëë’ in Xanica Zapotec narrative discourse with some implications for comparative Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 11: 67-78.
• Riggs, David B. 1987. Paragraph analysis for Amatlán Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 1-11.
• Thiessen, Grace. 1987. The functions of the clitic -ha in Western Ixtlán Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 85-100.
• Ward, Michael. 1987. A focus particle in Quioquitani Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 26-32.

General and miscellaneous

• Broadwell, George A. 2005. Zapotecan languages. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edition. Elsevier.
• Butler, Inez M. 1985. "Event prominence in Zoogocho Zapotec narrative discourse.‭" SIL Mexico Workpapers 7: 16-60.
• Lopez, Felipe H., and Pamela Munro. 1998. The United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights translated into San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec. http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/ztu1.htm
• Lopez, Felipe H., and Pamela Munro. 1999. "Zapotec Immigration: The San Lucas Quiaviní Experience". Aztlan. 24, 1: 129-149.
• Munro, Pamela. 1996. "Making a Zapotec Dictionary". Dictionaries 17: 131-55.
• Munro, Pamela. 2003. "Preserving the Language of the Valley Zapotecs: The Orthography Question." Presented at Language and Immigration in France and the United States: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. University of Texas. Available online at http://www.utexas.edu/cola/france-ut/archives2003.html.
• Nellis, Jane G. 1947. Sierra Zapotec forms of address, International Journal of American Linguistics 13: 231-32.
• Persons, Jan A. 1997. High pitch as a mark of respect in Lachixío Zapotec. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota 41: 59-60. [Online: http://www.und.nodak.edu/dept/linguistics/wp/1997Persons.PDF
• Robinson, Dow F. 1963. Field notes on Coatlán Zapotec.‭ Hartford, CN: Hartford Seminary Foundation.

External links

• INALI on the Zapotec languages
• SIL on the Zapotecan language family
• Ethnologue on the Zapotec variants

Wikipedia content modification information:

• This page was last modified on 18 November 2008, at 02:11.

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