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Zongli Yamen (traditional Chinese: 總理衙門; simplified Chinese: 总理衙门; pinyin: Zǒnglǐ Yámen; Wade-Giles: Tsungli Yamen) was the name of the government office/department of foreign relations (or Foreign Office) of imperial China during the Qing dynasty. It was established by Prince Gong in 1861, following the Convention of Peking.
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The Meaning of the Name
Zongli yamen is a traditional abbreviation of the official name in Chinese, Zongli Geguo Shiwu Yamen (simplified Chinese: 总理各国事务衙门; traditional Chinese: 總理各國事務衙門; pinyin: Zǒnglǐ gèguó shìwù yámén), literally meaning "Office in charge of Affairs of All Nations". The corresponding name in Manchu, the other official language of the Qing Empire, was Geren gurun i baita be uherileme icihiyara yamun. (
) A common misconception is that the Yamen's name means the "Premier's Office". This arose because the word Zongli (总理) is now used in Chinese to refer to the Premier or Prime Minister of a country. In fact, the name Zongli Yamen is an abbreviation of its full name, which makes it the bona fide office of foreign affairs.
Function in Qing Bureaucracy
Prior to the creation of the Yamen, Qing foreign relations were conducted by several different agencies, such as the Board of Rites and the Court of Colonial Affairs. The Zongli Yamen was the first significant institutional innovation in the central Beijing bureaucracy that the Qing had made since Emperor Yongzheng created the nucleus of the Grand Council in 1729. The Zongli Yamen was supervised by a controlling board of five senior officials (initially all Manchus), among whom the emperor's uncle, Prince Gong, was the de facto leader. In their discussions on establishing the new agency, Qing officials reiterated that it was only to be a temporary institution, maintained until the current foreign and domestic cries had passed. The Zongli Yamen had a relatively low formal status in the Qing administrative hierarchy and its members served concurrently in other government agencies, which further weakened its position. Furthermore, the Zongli yamen was not the sole policy making body in foreign affairs, a prerogative which still rested in the hands of the emperor. While the Yamen remained an important body for a few decades after its foundation, its influence was soon overshadowed by influential officials such as Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang.
Following the Boxer rebellion, the Qing government was forced to change its foreign service, According to article XII in the Boxer Protocol 1901, the Zongli Yamen was replaced with a Foreign Office (simplified Chinese: 外务部; traditional Chinese: 外務部; pinyin: Wàiwùbù), which ranked above the other six boards in the government.
See also
References
- Immanuel C. Y. Hsü. China's Entrance into the Family of Nations: The Diplomatic Phase, 1858 -1880. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960.
- Banno Masataka. China and the West, 1858-1861: The Origins of the Tsungli Yamen. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964.
- Meng, S. M. The Tsungli Yamen: Its Organization and Functions. Cambridge, MA: East Asian Research Center, 1962.
- H B Morse. International Relations of the Chinese Empire. 3 volumes. London and New York: by Longman and Green, 1910-18.
- Spence, Jonathan D. "The Search for Modern China." New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1990.
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