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Medical research on ciprofloxacin
Plant-derived compounds inactivate antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter jejuni strains.
J Food Prot. 2008 Jun; 71(6): 1145-9
Ravishankar S, Zhu L, Law B, Joens L, Friedman M
Sixty-three Campylobacter jejuni isolates were screened for their resistance to the antibiotics ampicillin, cefaclor, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Based on this screen, the resistant strains D28a and H2a and the nonresistant strain A24a were selected for evaluation of their resistance and susceptibility to inactivation by cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol, the main constituents of plant-derived cinnamon and oregano oils, respectively. Different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% [vol/vol] in sterile phosphate-buffered saline) of cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol were added to C. jejuni cultures with initial populations of 10(4) CFU/ml. The samples were then mixed thoroughly and incubated at 37 degrees C. Viable bacterial populations were enumerated at incubation periods of 0, 30, 60, and 120 min. The results indicate that the extent of inhibition of microbial survival was related to both the nature and concentration of antimicrobials and the incubation time. Both cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol exhibited rapid antimicrobial activity against both antibiotic-resistant and non-resistant C. jejuni strains, at concentrations of approximately 0.1% and higher. The antimicrobial efficacy of cinnamaldehyde was greater than that of carvacrol. The possible significance of the results for microbiological food safety is discussed.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008 Jun 30;
Cook PP, Das TD, Gooch M, Catrou PG
Objective. @nbsp; We evaluated the effect of an antimicrobial management effort to decrease ciprofloxacin use on the antibiotic susceptibility of nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Design. @nbsp; Retrospective, observational study. Setting. @nbsp; Tertiary care teaching hospital with 731 beds. Methods. @nbsp; The study was conducted between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2007. Linear regression analyses and Student t tests were used to determine significant changes in drug use among patients and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among nosocomial P. aeruginosa isolates during the 84-month period. Results. @nbsp; Following implementation of a program to reduce oral and intravenous use of ciprofloxacin in 2005, there was a 56.6% reduction in ciprofloxacin use (P < .001). Significant reductions in the mean percentage of nosocomial P. aeruginosa isolates that were resistant to ciprofloxacin (from 45.0% to 35.2%; P < .002) and the mean incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance (from 0.77 to 0.67 isolates recovered per 1,000 patient-days; P = .03) were noted after implementation of this program. The total quantity of antipseudomonal antibiotics consumed decreased, but the use of certain antipseudomonal antibiotics (ie, cefepime and imipenem/meropenem) increased. Among nosocomial P. aeruginosa isolates, the prevalence of imipenem/meropenem resistance increased, whereas the prevalence of cefepime resistance did not. During the 84 months of the study, there was a significant association between ciprofloxacin use and the percentage of nosocomial P. aeruginosa isolates that were resistant to ciprofloxacin (rho = 0.47; P = .011), but there was no correlation between ciprofloxacin use and the incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance (rho = 0.21; P = .26). Conclusions. @nbsp; Major reductions in ciprofloxacin use were associated with small but significant improvements in the rate of ciprofloxacin susceptibility among nosocomial P. aeruginosa isolates. The impact of the program on other antipseudomonal agents was variable.
[Analysis of antibiotic susceptibility of foodborne Listeria monocytogenes in China]
Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2008 Mar; 37(2): 183-6
Yang Y, Fu P, Guo Y, Liu X
OBJECTIVE: To study the antibiotic susceptibility of foodborne Listeria monocytogenes in China. METHODS: The susceptibilities of 476 strains of foodborne Listeria monocytogenes to antibiotics were determined in Broth Microdilution Susceptibility Testing in Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The antibiotics of gentamicin, ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, doxycycline, imipenem, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, cephalothin, rifampin, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin-sulbactam were used. RESULTS: The rates of antibiotic resistance in 467 is olates were 4.5%. Tetracycline resistance was most prevalent, accouting for 4.07% . The foods that the rates of antibiotic resistance were highest were vegetable (10%). Among 14 provinces, Jilin, Hubei and Hebei were the third top, the rate of which were 19.6% and 9.1% and 8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: It was suggested that antibiotic resistance exists in foodborne Listeria monocytogenes to a certain extent in China. It should pay more attention to the use of drugs in prevention and clinic treatment to reduce the antibiotic resistant strains.
J Microbiol Methods. 2008 Jun 26;
Lestari ES, Severin JA, Filius PM, Kuntaman K, Offra Duerink D, Hadi U, Wahjono H, Verbrugh HA,
Although a variety of techniques are available for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, disk diffusion methods remain the most widely used. We compared the accuracy of disk diffusion zone diameters as obtained by manual zone measurements in a low resource country (Indonesia) to that by automated zone measurements (Oxoid aura image system) in a high resource setting (the Netherlands) to determine susceptibility categories (sensitive, intermediate susceptible or resistant). A total of 683 isolates were studied, including 294 Staphylococcus aureus, 195 Escherichia coli and 194 other Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrobial agents included tetracycline, oxacillin, gentamicin, erythromycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol for S. aureus and ampicillin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol for E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae. Of the 4098 drug-organism combinations, overall category agreement (CA), major discrepancy (MD) and minor discrepancy (mD) between the two methods were 82.4% (3379/4098), 6.0% (244/4098) and 11.6% (475/4098), respectively. One hundred and sixty three of 244 MDs were resolved using reference broth microdilution method. Overall very major error (VME), major error (ME) and minor error (mE) of manual zone measurement were 28.8%, 45.4% and 4.9%, respectively and for the aura image system 4.9%, 16.0% and 4.9%, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the disk diffusion method with manual zone measurement in Indonesia is reliable for susceptibility testing. The use of an automated zone reader, such as the aura image system, will reduce the number of errors, and thus improve the accuracy of susceptibility test results for medically relevant bacteria.
Talanta. 2008 Jun 15; 75(5): 1300-6
Zhou X, Xing D, Zhu D, Tang Y, Jia L
Enrofloxacin (ENR) is a fluoroquinolone developed exclusively for the use in veterinary practice for the treatment of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, and ciprofloxacin (CIP) is its main active metabolite. Their contents are regulated by the EU Council Regulation no. 2377/90 in animal edible tissues. We developed a sensitive and rapid method for the determination of ENR and CIP by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection. The method is based on the detection of aliphatic tertiary or secondary amino moieties in ENR and CIP with end-column tris(2,2-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) electrochemiluminescence. Parameters that affect separation and detection were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration functions were linear in the range of 0.03-1 microg ml(-1) for ENR and 0.05-1.2 microg ml(-1) for CIP. The detection limits of ENR and CIR were 10 ng ml(-1) and 15 ng ml(-1), respectively, based on the signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The relative standard derivations of the peak height and the migration time for ENR and CIP were less than 4.13%. The developed method was successfully applied to determine ENR and CIP in milk with a solid-phase extraction procedure.
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008 Jun 24;
Turkmani A, Psaroulaki A, Christidou A, Chochlakis D, Tabaa D, Tselentis Y
In the present study, Brucella melitensis biovar Abortus 2308 and Brucella abortus 3196 biotype 5 reference strains, which are susceptible to fluoroquinolones, became in vitro-resistant to fluoroquinolones by culture in trypticase soy agar. The quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of the gyrA and parC genes of the two reference strains were analysed by polymerase chain reaction sequencing analysis to obtain the wild-type sequence. These sequences were then compared with the corresponding sequences of four in vitro-selected fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants to characterise mutations associated with resistance. Sequencing of the ofloxacin-selected resistant mutant 2308 revealed a transition of GAT to AAT (corresponding to position 87 of Escherichia coli gyrA), leading to substitution of Asp91-->Asn, whilst at the same position the ciprofloxacin-selected resistant mutant 2308 revealed a transition of GAT to TAT (corresponding to the same position of E. coli as above), leading to substitution of Asp91-->Tyr. The ofloxacin-selected resistant mutant 3196 had a transition of GCT to GTT, generating an amino acid change of Ala87-->Val. Amino acid changes were detected in the portion of the Brucella gyrA gene (Ala71 to Gln110) corresponding to the E. coli gyrA QRDR region (Ala67 to Gln110). Amino acid changes were also detected in Ser83, corresponding to the region where fluoroquinolone-associated amino acid changes are most commonly found in other bacterial species.
[Brucella spp orchiepididymitis]
Arch Esp Urol. 2008 Apr; 61(3): 442-4
Gallego Vilar D, Povo Martín I, Gimeno Argente V, Bosquet M, Rivadulla Serrano I, Martínez Ramos D, Gallego Gómez J
OBJECTIVE: To report a brucellar orchiepididymitis case and to review the diagnosis and treatment of this pathology. METHOD: We present the case of a 62 year old man presenting with fever, testicular pain and constitutional syndrome. The diagnosis was made after ultrasound, blood cultures and anamnesis. RESULTS: The treatment was Doxiciclin six weeks and teicoplanin, the second one was replaced with ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSION: It is important to make a correct anamnesis to the patient with orchiepididymitis to identify any risk factor for brucellosis. The diagnosis is confirmed with blood cultures. The oral antibiotics are enough to cure patients.
Rev Chilena Infectol. 2008 Jun; 25(3): 175-8
Otth R L, Wilson Sch M, Bustamante H N, Fernández J H, Otth L C
In vitro susceptibility of nosocomial and community acquired strains of Staphylococcus aureus must be periodically evaluated because of its continuous evolution. AIM: To know the antimicrobial susceptibility of S. aureus isolated in Valdivia, to determine the prevalence of methicillin resistance and global patterns of resistance and to compare the evolution of the susceptibility along the years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 278 S. aureus strains were evaluated: 136 obtained from hospitalized patients, 50 belonged to outpatients and 92 to healthy carriers. Antimicrobial agents tested were: penicillin, oxacillin, vancomycin, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, lincomycin and erythromycin. RESULTS: Thirty three, 28 and 1.1% of strains isolated from hospitalized, outpatients and carriers, respectively, were methicillin-resistant. Six resistance patterns were found. No vancomycin resistant strain was isolated. COMMENT: It is worrisome that 2% of S. aureus strains obtained from hospitalized patients showed intermediate resistance to vancomycin.
Tardive Seizure and Antibiotics: Case Reports and Review of the Literature.
J ECT. 2008 Jun 17;
Saito T, Nakamura M, Watari M, Isse K
ABSTRACT: Tardive seizure is a serious adverse reaction of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). However, it was rarely reported in ECT sessions for psychiatric patients who needed concurrent antibiotic treatments. We present 2 cases of patients with schizophrenia who manifested a catatonic syndrome and were indicated for ECT, along with antibiotic therapies for infectious diseases with piperacillin and cefotiam, respectively. The beta-lactam antibiotics are reported to induce convulsions caused by the suppression of inhibitory GABAergic functions. In addition, there is a report on prolonged ECT seizure related to ciprofloxacin, which has an epileptogenic property with a similar action to beta-lactam antibiotics. Thus, tardive seizures in our cases are thought to be related to piperacillin and cefotiam.
Denovo post renal transplantation inflammatory bowel disease.
Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2008 Jul-Aug; 19(4): 624-6
Halim MA, Al-Otaibi T, Elsisi A, El-Sayed A, Nair P, Said T, Balaha MA, Nampoory M
Post-renal transplant de-novo inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may develop despite the presence of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), a drug used for treatment of IBD, in the immunosuppressive regimen. A 39-year-old man received live unrelated renal transplant, and was started postoperatively on prednisolone, MMF, and tacrolimus, which was changed to sirolimus when he developed diabetes mellitus two months post-transplant. Nine months post-transplant, the patient developed recurrent attacks of bloody diarrhea and ischio-rectal abscesses complicated by anal fistulae not responding to routine surgical treatment. Colonoscopy diagnosed IBD, a Crohn's disease-like pattern. The patient was treated with steroids and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) in addition to a two months course of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole. He became asymptomatic and rectal lesions healed within one month of treatment. The patient continued to be asymptomatic, and he maintained normal graft function on the same immunosuppressive treatment in addition to 5-ASA. We conclude that de-novo IBD disease can develop in renal transplant recipients in spite of immunosuppressive therapy including MMF.