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Medical research on pyridium
Neurogenic Bladder and Chronic Urinary Retention Associated with MDMA Abuse.
J Med Toxicol. 2008 Jun; 4(2): 106-8
Beuerle JR, Barrueto F
Introduction: The use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, known as "ecstasy"), a synthetic amphetamine and "club drug," has been associated with acute, transient urinary retention. We report a case of neurogenic bladder and chronic urinary retention associated with MDMA abuse. Case report: A 21-year-old male presented to the emergency department (ED) because he had abdominal pain and difficulty urinating. He had experienced difficulty in initiating urination over the past 1.5 months, with periods of 24 to 36 hours between voids and large volumes of urine. The patient had a chronic pattern of MDMA use, taking 4 tablets/day for 3 months. Two weeks before coming to the ED, he had been admitted to an inpatient drug rehabilitation center. During the time since that admission, the patient had visited EDs repeatedly for insertion and removal of Foley catheters to relieve the urinary retention until he could be admitted to a urologic service. Cystometrogram was abnormal, finding no sensation of bladder fullness after instillation of 350 mL of saline and inability to generate a voluntary voiding pressure. Cystoscopy revealed no outlet obstruction. The findings were consistent with neurogenic bladder. The patient was given prescriptions for bethanecol and phenazopyridine, and told to continue a 10-day course of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim for urinary tract infection. He was discharged with a Foley catheter in place. Symptoms of urinary retention persisted at 1-year follow-up, despite self-catheterization and complete cessation of MDMA use. Conclusion: Chronic MDMA use may lead to neurogenic bladder and chronic urinary retention.
Urinary tract infections in pregnancy.
Can Fam Physician. 2008 Jun; 54(6): 853-4
Lee M, Bozzo P, Einarson A, Koren G
QUESTION: My pregnant patients often present with urinary tract infections. Are the medications commonly used for the management of urinary tract infections safe to use during pregnancy? ANSWER: Existing data indicate that exposure to penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, nitrofurantoin, or phenazopyridine during pregnancy is not associated with increased risk of fetal malformations. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole should be avoided, if possible, during the first trimester of pregnancy because of the antifolate effect associated with neural tube defects.
Biophys Chem. 2008 Jun; 135(1-3): 102-9
Zhao P, Xu LC, Huang JW, Zheng KC, Fu B, Yu HC, Ji LN
Four tricationic pyridium porphyrins appending hydroxyphenyl, methoxyphenyl, propionoxyphenyl or carboxyphenyl group at meso-20-position of porphyrin core have been synthesized and their abilities to bind and cleave DNA have been investigated. Using a combination of absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) spectra, thermal DNA denaturation as well as viscosity measurements, their binding modes and intrinsic binding constants (K(b)) to calf DNA (CT DNA) were comparatively studied and also compared with those of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (TMPyP). The results suggest that the K(b) values of these porphyrins are greatly influenced by the number of positive charges and steric hindrance. Theoretical calculations applying the density functional theory (DFT) have been carried out and explain their DNA-binding properties reasonably. The efficiency of DNA photocleavage by these porphyrins shows high dependence on the values of K(b).
Urology. 2008 May; 71(5): 792-5
Norris RD, Sur RL, Springhart WP, Marguet CG, Mathias BJ, Pietrow PK, Albala DM, Preminger GM
OBJECTIVES: Ureteral stents commonly cause lower urinary tract and flank discomfort. We evaluated the use of extended release oxybutynin versus phenazopyridine versus placebo for the management of ureteral stent discomfort after ureteroscopy. METHODS: Each of 60 patients who received a unilateral stent after ureteroscopy was given a blister pack containing 21 unmarked capsules of either extended release oxybutynin 10 mg, phenazopyridine 200 mg, or placebo in a prospective, randomized, and double-blinded fashion. Patients were instructed to take 1 capsule 3 times daily immediately after the procedure. Patients were given 50 tablets of oral narcotic to be taken as needed. Patients reported bothersome scores for flank pain, suprapubic pain, urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, and hematuria on postoperative day 1, day 2, and the day of stent removal. Narcotic use was also recorded. RESULTS: Eight patients were excluded from the analysis for stent migration necessitating early removal (1), uncontrollable pain (1), failure to complete blister pack (4), and inability to contact for follow-up surveys (2). There was no difference in bothersome score among the groups for flank pain, suprapubic pain, urinary frequency, urgency, and dysuria. The phenazopyridine group reported less hematuria on postoperative day 1 when compared with placebo, which was statistically significant. The oxybutynin group required fewer narcotics, but this finding was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Although this study failed to show a significant difference in bothersome scores among the groups, the small sample size precludes definitive conclusion. Future studies pooling these data will determine the overall treatment effect and the optimal management of ureteral stent morbidity.
Langmuir. 2008 Apr 1; 24(7): 3358-64
Wang J, Yang X
A core-corona polymer hybrid with a raspberry-like structure was synthesized via the heterocoagulated pyridium reaction between the pyridyl group of poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate-co-methacrylic acid)@poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate-co- vinylpyridine) (poly(EGDMA-co-MAA)@poly(EGDMA-co-VPy)) core-shell small microspheres and the chloromethyl group of poly(divinylbenzene-co-chloromethyl styrene) (poly(DVB-co-CMSt)) microspheres, in which poly(EGDMA-co-MAA)@poly(EGDMA-co-VPy) acted as the corona and poly(DVB-co-CMSt) behaved as the core. The control coverage of the corona particles on the surfaces of core microspheres for the polymer hybrid was studied in detail through the adjustment of the mass ratio between the core and corona particles. The effects of the pH and solvents on the stability of the raspberry-like core-corona hybrids were investigated. The water static angle on the surface of polycarbonate (PC) film was studied using a contact angle system. The polymer particles and the resultant heterocoagulated raspberry-like hybrids were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The nature of the heterocoagulation between the core microspheres and corona particles was identified as the covalent pyridium reaction with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
Two cases of methemoglobinemia following zopiclone ingestion.
Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2008 Feb; 46(2): 167-70
Fung HT, Lai CH, Wong OF, Lam KK, Kam CW
INTRODUCTION: Most cases of methemoglobinemia result from exposure to certain medications and chemicals such as nitrates, nitrites, aniline, dapsone, phenazopyridine, benzocaine, and chlorates which oxidize the iron from the ferrous state. Intoxication with zopiclone is expected to produce drowsiness, confusion and coma but not methemoglobinemia. We report two cases of zopiclone overdose with methemoglobinemia. CASE REPORTS: Case one: A 43-year-old woman presented to the emergency department two hours after ingesting 100 tablets of 7.5 mg zopiclone. Her initial vital signs, physical examination, chest x-ray, and electrocardiogram were normal. Two hours post-ingestion her methemoglobin level was 9.8%; 14 hours post-arrival she showed cyanosis of the lips and extremities and dyspnea after walking. The blood sample 16 hours post-ingestion was dark brown in color and the methemoglobin was 23.8%. Shortly after the second of two doses of methylene blue (1 mg/kg each) her methemoglobin was 3.6%. Case two: A 30-year-old woman came to the emergency department 50 hours after ingesting 150 to 200 tablets of 7.5 mg zopiclone. Her vital signs and physical examination were normal. Her methemoglobin level was 5.2% at 52 hours post-ingestion and it peaked at 10.4% one hour later. She recovered following symptomatic care. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Methemoglobinemia has not previously been reported following acute zopiclone overdose. In our patients, there were no identifiable alternative causes explaining the methemoglobinemia and zopiclone was confirmed in both patients by laboratory analysis. These two cases suggest that zopiclone overdose is capable of producing delayed methemoglobinemia, which may be related to formation of a sufficient quantity of the N-oxide metabolite.
Patient perceived outcomes of treatments used for interstitial cystitis.
Urology. 2008 Jan; 71(1): 62-6
Hill JR, Isom-Batz G, Panagopoulos G, Zakariasen K, Kavaler E
OBJECTIVES: Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a challenging disease complex. Patients' perception of their outcomes after different treatment modalities may be the best measure of therapeutic efficacy. Our study focused on a large group of women with a diagnosis of IC who reported on perceived outcomes after undergoing invasive and pharmaceutical treatments for their disease. METHODS: Seven hundred fifty patients with a diagnosis of IC completed a computerized survey that queried each patient about their demographics, symptoms, concomitant diagnoses, treatments, and their perceived treatment outcomes. The patients were surveyed on therapies used to treat IC and whether they perceived their condition to be improved, not affected or having deteriorated at a mean follow-up of 6 months. Pearson chi-squared tests were used in the statistical analyses. RESULTS: Invasive and medical therapies were surveyed. The most commonly performed procedures were hydrodistention (61.9%), intravesical therapy (40.1%), and urethral dilatation (26.5%). Of these procedures, 24.4% to 45.3% of patients were improved by these procedures; whereas 27.0% to 49.8% felt no effect and 25.9% to 30.7% worsened. A comparison of the number of patients who improved with those who deteriorated while on medical therapy was found to be significant for all drugs (P
[Spectroscopic studies on the binding of phenazopyridine hydrochloride and bovine serum albumin]
Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2007 Sep; 27(9): 1830-3
Zhou H, Chen CY, Xie AJ
The binding of phenazopyridine hydrochloride and bovine serum albumin under physiological conditions was studied by spectroscopic method. The quenching mechanism of the fluorescence of bovine serum albumin by phenazopyridine hydrochloride was studied with fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy. The binding constant Kb and the number of binding sites n were determined at different temperatures according to Scatchard equation, and the main binding force was discussed by thermodynamic equations. The effect of the drug on bovine serum albumin conformation was also studied by using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. The quenching mechanism of phenazopyridine hydrochloride to bovine serum albumin is static quenching and non-radiation energy transfer. The binding constants Kb at 15, 25 and 37 degrees C are 2.47 x 10(7), 9.15 x 10(6) and 4.36 x 10(6) mol(-1) with one binding site, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters of the reaction are DeltaH = -71.2 kJ x mol(-1), and DeltaS = 124.8 J x mol(-1) x K(-1). Binding phenazopyridine hydrochloride to bovine serum albumin is a spontaneous inter-molecular interaction in which entropy increases and Gibbs free energy decreases. The binding distance r between phenazopyridine hydrochloride and bovine serum albumin is 1.61 nm according to Forster theory of non-radiation energy transfer. The binding force is electrostatic interaction. Phenazopyridine hydrochloride can be deposited and transported by serum protein in vivo. Phenazopyridine hydrochloride does affect the serum protein conformation.
Inorg Chem. 2007 Nov 26; 46(24): 10065-70
Zhu QY, Liu Y, Lu W, Zhang Y, Bian GQ, Niu GY, Dai J
A protonated bifunctional pyridine-based tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivative (DMT-TTF-pyH)NO3 and a copper(II) complex Cu(acac)2(DMT-TTF-py)2 have been obtained and studied. Electronic spectra of the protonated compound show a large ICT (intramolecular charge transfer) band shift (Deltalambda=136 nm) compared with that of the neutral compound. Cyclic voltammetry also shows a large shift of the redox potentials (DeltaE1/2(1)=77 mV). Theoretical calculation suggests that the pyridium substituent is a strong pi-electron acceptor. Crystal structures of the protonated compound and the metal complex have been obtained. The dihedral angle between least-squares planes of the pyridyl group and the dithiole ring might reflect the intensity of the ICT effect between the TTF moiety and the pyridyl group. It is also noteworthy that the TTF moiety could be oxidized to TTF2+ dication by Fe(ClO4)(3).6H2O when forming a metal complex, while the protonated TTF derivative can only be oxidized to the TTF*+ radical cation by Fe(ClO4)(3).6H2O even with an excess amount of the Fe(III) salt, which can be used to control the oxidation process to obtain neutral TTF, TTF*+ radical cation, or TTF2+ dication.
Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2007 Nov; 28(8): 439-44
Chen Q, Li K, Zhang Z, Li P, Liu J, Li Q
Phenazopyridine hydrochloride is a strong analgesic used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. The aim of the present study was to develop a procedure based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the analysis of phenazopyridine in rat plasma. The method was set up and adapted for the analysis of small biological samples taken from rats. Biological samples were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction. The extraction agent was ethyl acetate. The samples were separated by GC on a DB-5MS analytical column and determined by a quadrupole mass spectrometer detector operated under selected ion monitoring mode. Excellent linearity was found between 0.01 and 1.00 microg/ml (r = 0.9991, n = 9) for plasma samples. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.3 ng/ml. Within-day and between-day precisions expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD) for the method were 1.83-4.91% and 2.12-4.76%, respectively. The recoveries for all samples were >90%. The main pharmacokinetic parameters obtained were T(max) = (0.35+/-0.01) h, C(max) = (0.396+/-0.079) microg/ml, AUC = (0.373+/-0.065) h microg/ml and CL = (94.2+/-5.9) ml/g/h. The results presented here clearly indicate that this proposed method could be applicable to investigate the pharmacokinetic of phenazopyridine in rats after administration. (c)