Bendeka (Page 5 of 7)

11 DESCRIPTION

BENDEKA (bendamustine hydrochloride) injection is an alkylating agent. The chemical name of bendamustine hydrochloride is 1H-benzimidazole-2-butanoic acid, 5-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-1 methyl-, monohydrochloride. Its empirical molecular formula is C16 H21 Cl2 N3 O2 · HCl, and the molecular weight is 394.7. Bendamustine hydrochloride contains a mechlorethamine group and a benzimidazole heterocyclic ring with a butyric acid substituent, and has the following structural formula:

Chemical Structure

BENDEKA (bendamustine hydrochloride) injection for intravenous use is supplied as a sterile, clear, and colorless to yellow ready-to-dilute solution in a multiple-dose clear glass vial. Each milliliter contains 25 mg of bendamustine hydrochloride, USP, 0.1 mL of Propylene Glycol, USP, 5 mg of Monothioglycerol, NF, in Polyethylene Glycol 400, NF. Sodium hydroxide may have been used to adjust the acidity of polyethylene glycol 400.

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Bendamustine is a bifunctional mechlorethamine derivative containing a purine-like benzimidazole ring. Mechlorethamine and its derivatives form electrophilic alkyl groups. These groups form covalent bonds with electron-rich nucleophilic moieties, resulting in interstrand DNA crosslinks. The bifunctional covalent linkage can lead to cell death via several pathways. Bendamustine is active against both quiescent and dividing cells. The exact mechanism of action of bendamustine remains unknown.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

Based on the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics analyses of data from adult patients with NHL, nausea increased with increasing bendamustine Cmax .

Cardiac Electrophysiology
The effect of bendamustine on the QTc interval was evaluated in 53 patients with indolent NHL and mantle cell lymphoma on Day 1 of Cycle 1 after administration of rituximab at 375 mg/m2 intravenous infusion followed by a 30-minute intravenous infusion of bendamustine at 90 mg/m2 /day. No mean changes greater than 20 milliseconds were detected up to one hour post infusion. The potential for delayed effects on the QT interval after one hour was not evaluated.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

Following a single dose of 120 mg/m2 of bendamustine hydrochloride over 10-minute infusion, the mean Cmax achieved was 35 µg/mL (range 6 to 49 µg/mL), occurring typically at the end of infusion. Little or no accumulation in plasma is expected for bendamustine administered on Days 1 and 2 of a 28-day cycle.

Distribution
The protein binding of bendamustine ranged from 94 to 96% and was concentration independent from 1 to 50 µg/mL. The blood to plasma concentration ratios in human blood ranged from 0.84 to 0.86 over a concentration range of 10 to 100 µg/mL.

The mean steady-state volume of distribution (VSS ) of bendamustine was approximately 20 to 25 L.

Elimination
After a single intravenous dose of 120 mg/m2 of bendamustine over 1 hour, the intermediate half-life (t½ ) of the parent compound is approximately 40 minutes. The mean terminal elimination t½ of two active metabolites, γ-hydroxybendamustine (M3) and N desmethylbendamustine (M4) are approximately 3 hours and 30 minutes, respectively. Bendamustine clearance in humans is approximately 700 mL/min.

Metabolism
Bendamustine is extensively metabolized via hydrolytic, oxidative, and conjugative pathways. Bendamustine is primarily metabolized via hydrolysis to monohydroxy (HP1) and dihydroxybendamustine (HP2) metabolites with low cytotoxic activity in vitro. Two active minor metabolites, M3 and M4, are primarily formed via CYP1A2 in vitro. M3 and M4 concentrations of these metabolites in plasma are 1/10th and 1/100th that of the parent compound, respectively.

Excretion
Following IV infusion of radiolabeled bendamustine hydrochloride in cancer patients, approximately 76% of the dose was recovered. Approximately 50% of the dose was recovered in the urine (3.3% unchanged) and approximately 25% of the dose was recovered in the feces. Less than 1% of the dose was recovered in the urine as M3 and M4, and less than 5% of the dose was recovered in the urine as HP2.

Specific Populations
No clinically meaningful effects on the pharmacokinetics of bendamustine were observed based on age (31 to 84 years), sex, mild to moderate renal impairment (CLcr ≥ 30 mL/min), or hepatic impairment with total bilirubin 1.5 < ULN and AST or ALT < 2.5 × ULN. The effects of severe renal impairment (CLcr < 30 mL/min), or hepatic impairment with total bilirubin 1.5-3 × ULN and AST or ALT 2.5-10 × ULN or total bilirubin > 3 × ULN on the pharmacokinetics of bendamustine is unknown.

Race/Ethnicity
Exposures in Japanese subjects (n=6) were 40% higher than that in non-Japanese subjects receiving the same dose. The clinical importance of this difference on the safety and efficacy of bendamustine hydrochloride in Japanese subjects has not been established.

Drug Interaction Studies

In Vitro Studies

Effect of Bendamustine on CYP Substrates
Bendamustine did not inhibit CYP1A2, 2C9/10, 2D6, 2E1, or 3A4/5. Bendamustine did not induce metabolism of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, or CYP3A4/5.

Effect of Transporters on Bendamustine Hydrochloride Bendamustine is a substrate of P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP).

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Bendamustine was carcinogenic in mice. After intraperitoneal injections at 37.5 mg/m2 /day (the lowest dose tested, approximately 0.3 times the maximum recommended human dose [MRHD]) and 75 mg/m2 /day (approximately 0.6 times the MRHD) for 4 days, peritoneal sarcomas in female AB/Jena mice were produced. Oral administration at 187.5 mg/m2 /day (the only dose tested, approximately 1.6 times the MRHD) for 4 days induced mammary carcinomas and pulmonary adenomas.

Bendamustine is a mutagen and clastogen. In a bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames assay), bendamustine was shown to increase revertant frequency in the absence and presence of metabolic activation. Bendamustine was clastogenic in human lymphocytes in vitro, and in rat bone marrow cells in vivo (increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes) from 37.5 mg/m2 , (the lowest dose tested, approximately 0.3 times the MRHD).

Bendamustine induced morphologic abnormalities in spermatozoa in mice. Following tail vein injection of bendamustine at 120 mg/m2 or a saline control on days 1 and 2 for a total of 3 weeks, the number of spermatozoa with morphologic abnormalities was 16% higher in the bendamustine-treated group as compared to the saline control group.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES

14.1 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

The safety and efficacy of bendamustine hydrochloride were evaluated in an open-label, randomized, controlled multicenter trial comparing bendamustine hydrochloride to chlorambucil. The trial was conducted in 301 previously-untreated patients with Binet Stage B or C (Rai Stages I — IV) CLL requiring treatment. Need-to-treat criteria included hematopoietic insufficiency, B-symptoms, rapidly progressive disease or risk of complications from bulky lymphadenopathy. Patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia or autoimmune thrombocytopenia, Richter’s syndrome, or transformation to prolymphocytic leukemia were excluded from the study.

The patient populations in the bendamustine hydrochloride and chlorambucil treatment groups were balanced with regard to the following baseline characteristics: age (median 63 vs. 66 years), gender (63% vs. 61% male), Binet stage (71% vs. 69% Binet B), lymphadenopathy (79% vs. 82%), enlarged spleen (76% vs. 80%), enlarged liver (48% vs. 46%), hypercellular bone marrow (79% vs. 73%), “B” symptoms (51% vs. 53%), lymphocyte count (mean 65.7×109 /L vs. 65.1×109 /L), and serum lactate dehydrogenase concentration (mean 370.2 vs. 388.4 U/L). Ninety percent of patients in both treatment groups had immuno-phenotypic confirmation of CLL (CD5, CD23 and either CD19 or CD20 or both).

Patients were randomly assigned to receive either bendamustine hydrochloride at 100 mg/m2 , administered intravenously over a period of 30 minutes on Days 1 and 2 or chlorambucil at 0.8 mg/kg (Broca’s normal weight) administered orally on Days 1 and 15 of each 28-day cycle. Efficacy endpoints of objective response rate and progression-free survival were calculated using a pre-specified algorithm based on NCI working group criteria for CLL.

The results of this open-label randomized study demonstrated a higher rate of overall response and a longer progression-free survival for bendamustine hydrochloride compared to chlorambucil (see Table 5). Survival data are not mature.

Table 5: Efficacy Data for CLL

CI = confidence interval

* CR was defined as peripheral lymphocyte count ≤ 4 x 109 /L, neutrophils ≥ 1.5 x 109 /L, platelets >100 x 109 /L, hemoglobin > 110g/L, without transfusions, absence of palpable hepatosplenomegaly, lymph nodes ≤ 1.5 cm, < 30% lymphocytes without nodularity in at least a normocellular bone marrow and absence of “B” symptoms. The clinical and laboratory criteria were required to be maintained for a period of at least 56 days.

** nPR was defined as described for CR with the exception that the bone marrow biopsy shows persistent nodules.

PR was defined as ≥50% decrease in peripheral lymphocyte count from the pretreatment baseline value, and either ≥50% reduction in lymphadenopathy, or ≥50% reduction in the size of spleen or liver, as well as one of the following hematologic improvements: neutrophils ≥ 1.5 x 109 /L or 50% improvement over baseline, platelets >100 x 109 /L or 50% improvement over baseline, hemoglobin >110g/L or 50% improvement over baseline without transfusions, for a period of at least 56 days.

†† PFS was defined as time from randomization to progression or death from any cause.

Bendamustine Hydrochloride (N=153) Chlorambucil (N=148) p-value
Response Rate n (%)
Overall response rate90 (59)38 (26)<0.0001
(95% CI)(51, 66.6)(18.6, 32.7)
Complete response (CR)*13 (8)1 (<1)
Nodular partial response (nPR)**4 (3)0
Partial response (PR) 73 (48)37 (25)
Progression-Free Survival ††
Median, months (95% CI)18 (11.7, 23.5)6 (5.6, 8.6)
Hazard ratio (95% CI)0.27 (0.17, 0.43) <0.0001

Kaplan-Meier estimates of progression-free survival comparing bendamustine hydrochloride with chlorambucil are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Progression-Free Survival

Figure 1
(click image for full-size original)
Progression – Free Survival (months)
Study Treatment ____ Bendamustine Hydrochloride _ _ _ Chlorambucil

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