Doxycycline Hyclate

DOXYCYCLINE HYCLATE- doxycycline hyclate capsule
A-S Medication Solutions

To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Doxycycline and other antibacterial drugs, doxycycline should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria.

DESCRIPTION

Doxycycline is an antibacterial drug synthetically derived from oxytetracycline, and is available as Doxycycline Hyclate Tablets and Capsules and Doxycycline for Oral Suspension; for oral administration.

The structural formula of doxycycline monohydrate is

Chemical Structure
(click image for full-size original)

with a molecular formula of C 22 H 24 N 2 O 8 ∙H 2 O and a molecular weight of 462.46. The chemical designation for doxycycline is 4-(Dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,5,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-2-naphthacenecarboxamide monohydrate. The molecular formula for doxycycline hydrochloride hemiethanolate hemihydrate is (C 22 H 24 N 2 O 8 ∙HCl) 2 ∙C 2 H 6 O∙H 2 O and the molecular weight is 1025.89. Doxycycline is a light-yellow crystalline powder. Doxycycline hyclate is soluble in water, while doxycycline monohydrate is very slightly soluble in water.

Doxycycline has a high degree of lipoid solubility and a low affinity for calcium binding. It is highly stable in normal human serum. Doxycycline will not degrade into an epianhydro form.

Inactive ingredients in the capsule formulations are: colloidal silicon dioxide, lactose anhydrous, magnesium stearate, methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, sodium starch glycolate, and stearic acid. 50 mg gelatin capsule shell contains: FD&C Blue #1, D&C Yellow #10, titanium dioxide and gelatin. 100 mg gelatin capsule shell contains: FD&C Blue #1, titanium dioxide and gelatin. Black ink contains shellac glaze in SD-45, black iron oxide, propylene glycol, FD&C Blue #2, FD&C Red # 40, FD&C Blue # 1, D&C Yellow # 10, butyl alcohol, denatured alcohol. Each capsule, for oral administration, contains doxycycline hyclate equivalent to 50 mg or 100 mg of doxycycline.

Inactive ingredients for the oral suspension formulation are: confectioner’s sugar, D&C red #27 aluminum lake, methylparaben, microcrystalline cellulose/ sodium carboxymethylcellulose, natural raspberry flavor; propylparaben, simethicone and sucrose. When reconstituted, each teaspoonful (5 mL) doxycycline suspension, for oral administration, contains doxycycline monohydrate equivalent to 25 mg of doxycycline.

Inactive ingredients for the tablet formulation are: anhydrous lactose, colloidal silicon dioxide, FD&C Red No. 40, FD&C Yellow No. 6, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, sodium starch glycolate, stearic acid, and titanium dioxide. Each tablet, for oral administration, contains doxycycline hyclate equivalent to 50 mg or 100 mg doxycycline.

Doxycycline Hyclate Tablets, USP meets USP Dissolution test 3.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Tetracyclines are readily absorbed and are bound to plasma proteins in varying degree. They are concentrated by the liver in the bile, and excreted in the urine and feces at high concentrations and in a biologically active form. Doxycycline is virtually completely absorbed after oral administration.

Following a 200 mg dose, normal adult volunteers averaged peak serum levels of 2.6 mcg/mL of doxycycline at 2 hours, decreasing to 1.45 mcg/mL at 24 hours. Excretion of doxycycline by the kidney is about 40%/72 hours in individuals with normal function (creatinine clearance about 75 mL/min.). This percentage excretion may fall as low as 1 to 5%/72 hours in individuals with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance below 10 mL/min.). Studies have shown no significant difference in serum half-life of doxycycline (range 18–22 hours) in individuals with normal and severely impaired renal function.

Hemodialysis does not alter serum half-life.

Results of animal studies indicate that tetracyclines cross the placenta and are found in fetal tissues.

Population pharmacokinetic analysis of sparse concentration-time data of doxycycline following standard of care intravenous and oral dosing in 44 pediatric patients (2 to18 years of age) showed that allometrically -scaled clearance (CL) of doxycycline in pediatric patients ≥2 to ≤8 years of age (median [range] 3.58 [2.27 to 10.82] L/h/70 kg, N =11) did not differ significantly from pediatric patients >8 to 18 years of age (3.27 [1.11 to 8.12] L/h/70 kg, N=33). For pediatric patients weighing ≤45 kg, body weight normalized doxycycline CL in those ≥2 to ≤8 years of age (median [range] 0.071 [0 .041 to 0.202] L/kg/h, N=10) did not differ significantly from those >8 to 18 years of age (0.081 [0.035 to 0.126] L/kg/h, N=8). In pediatric patients weighing >45 kg, no clinically significant differences in body weight normalized doxycycline CL were observed between those ≥2 to ≤8 years (0.050 L/kg/h, N=l) and those >8 to 18 years of age (0.044 [0.014 to 0.121] L/kg/h, N=25). No clinically significant difference in CL between oral and IV dosing was observed in the small cohort of pediatric patients who received the oral (N=19) or IV (N=2l) formulation alone.

Microbiology

Mechanism of Action

Doxycycline inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Doxycycline has bacteriostatic activity against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Resistance

Cross resistance with other tetracyclines is common.

Antimicrobial Activity

Doxycycline has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section of the package insert.

Gram-Negative Bacteria

Acinetobacter species
Bartonella bacilliformis
Brucella species
Klebsiella species
Klebsiella granulomatis
Campylobacter fetus
Enterobacter aerogenes
Escherichia coli
Francisella tularensis
Haemophilus ducreyi
Haemophilus influenzae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Shigella species
Vibrio cholerae
Yersinia pestis

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Bacillus anthracis
Listeria monocytogenes
Streptococcus pneumoniae

Anaerobic Bacteria

Clostridium species
Fusobacterium fusiforme
Propionibacterium acnes

Other Bacteria

Nocardiae and other aerobic Actinomyces species
Borrelia recurrentis
Chlamydophila psittaci
Chlamydia trachomatis
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Rickettsiae
Treponema pallidum
Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue
Ureaplasma urealyticum

Parasites

Balantidium coli
Entamoeba species
Plasmodium falciparum *

* Doxycycline has been found to be active against the asexual erythrocytic forms of Plasmodium falciparum , but not against the gametocytes of P. falciparum. The precise mechanism of action of the drug is not known.

Susceptibility Testing

For specific information regarding susceptibility test interpretive criteria and associated test methods and quality control standards recognized by FDA for this drug, please see: https://www.fda.gov/STIC.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain effectiveness of doxycycline and other antibacterial drugs, doxycycline should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.

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