Doxycycline Hyclate
DOXYCYCLINE HYCLATE- doxycycline hyclate capsule
Apotheca Inc.
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Doxycycline and other antibacterial drugs, Doxycycline should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria.
DESCRIPTION
Doxycycline is an antibacterial drug synthetically derived from oxytetracycline, and is available as Doxycycline Hyclate Capsules and Tablets for oral administration.
The structural formula of doxycycline monohydrate is
with a molecular formula of C 22 H 24 N 2 O 8 ∙H 2 O and a molecular weight of 462.46. The chemical designation for doxycycline is 4-(Dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,5,10,12,12a- pentahydroxy-6-methyl- 1,11-dioxo-2-naphthacenecarboxamide monohydrate. The molecular formula for doxycycline hydrochloride hemiethanolate hemihydrate is (C 22 H 24 N 2 O 8 ∙HCl) 2 ∙C 2 H 6 O∙H 2 O and the molecular weight is 1025.89. Doxycycline is a light-yellow crystalline powder. Doxycycline hyclate is soluble in water, while doxycycline monohydrate is very slightly soluble in water.
Doxycycline has a high degree of lipoid solubility and a low affinity for calcium binding. It is highly stable in normal human serum. Doxycycline will not degrade into an epianhydro form.
Each capsule for oral administration contains doxycycline hyclate equivalent to 50 mg or 100 mg of doxycycline (anhydrous). Inactive ingredients are: Colloidal Silicon Dioxide, Lactose Anhydrous, Magnesium Stearate, Methylcellulose, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Polyethylene Glycol, Sodium Starch Glycolate, and Stearic Acid. 50 mg gelatin capsule shell contains: FD&C Blue #1, D&C Yellow #10, and other inert ingredients. 100 mg gelatin capsule shell contains: FD&C Blue #1 and other inert ingredients.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Tetracyclines are readily absorbed and are bound to plasma proteins in varying degree. They are concentrated by the liver in the bile, and excreted in the urine and feces at high concentrations and in a biologically active form. Doxycycline is virtually completely absorbed after oral administration.
Following a 200 mg dose, normal adult volunteers averaged peak serum levels of 2.6 mcg/mL of doxycycline at 2 hours, decreasing to 1.45 mcg/mL at 24 hours. Excretion of doxycycline by the kidney is about 40%/72 hours in individuals with normal function (creatinine clearance about 75 mL/min.). This percentage excretion may fall as low as 1 — 5%/72 hours in individuals with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance below 10 mL/min.). Studies have shown no significant difference in serum half-life of doxycycline (range 18-22 hours) in individuals with normal and severely impaired renal function.
Hemodialysis does not alter serum half-life.
Results of animal studies indicate that tetracyclines cross the placenta and are found in fetal tissues.
Microbiology
Doxycycline inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Doxycycline has bacteriostatic activity against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Cross resistance with other tetracyclines is common.
Doxycycline has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section of the package insert for DOXYCYCLINE HYCLATE CAPSULES.
Gram-Negative Bacteria
Acinetobacter species
Bartonella bacilliformis
Brucella
species
Klebsiella species
Klebsiella granulomatis
Campylobacter fetus
Enterobacter aerogenes
Escherichia coli
Francisella tularensis
Haemophilus ducreyi
Haemophilus influenzae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Shigella
species
Vibrio cholerae
Yersinia pestis
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Bacillus anthracis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Anaerobic Bacteria
Clostridium species
Fusobacterium fusiforme
Propionibacterium acnes
Other Bacteria
Nocardiae and other aerobic
Actinomyces species
Borrelia recurrentis
Chlamydophila psittaci
Chlamydia trachomatis
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Rickettsiae
Treponema pallidum
Treponema pallidum
subspecies
pertenue
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Parasites
Balantidium coli
Entamoeba
species
Plasmodium falciparum 1
- 1
- Doxycycline has been found to be active against the asexual erythrocytic forms of Plasmodium falciparum, but not against the gametocytes of P. falciparum. The precise mechanism of action of the drug is not known.
Susceptibility Testing Methods
When available, the clinical microbiology laboratory should provide the results of in vitro susceptibility test results for antimicrobial drugs used in resident hospitals to the physician as periodic reports that describe the susceptibility profile of nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. These reports should aid the physician in selecting the most effective antimicrobial.
Dilution techniques
Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using a standardized test method 1,2,4 (broth or agar). The MIC values should be interpreted according to criteria provided in Table 1.
Diffusion techniques
Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters can also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The zone size provides an estimate of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The zone size should be determined using a standardized test method 1,3,4. This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 30-μg doxycycline to test the susceptibility of microorganisms to doxycycline. The disk diffusion interpretive criteria are provided in Table 1.
Anaerobic Techniques
For anaerobic bacteria, the susceptibility to doxycycline can be determined by a standardized test method5. The MIC values obtained should be interpreted according to the criteria provided in Table 1.
| Bacteria * | Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (mcg/mL) | Zone Diameter (mm) | Agar Dilution (mcg/mL) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S | I | R | S | I | R | S | I | R | |
| |||||||||
| Acinetobacter spp. | |||||||||
| Doxycycline | ≤4 | 8 | ≥16 | ≥13 | 10-12 | ≤9 | – | – | – |
| Tetracycline | ≤4 | 8 | ≥16 | ≥15 | 12-14 | ≤11 | – | – | – |
| Anaerobes | |||||||||
| Tetracycline | – | – | – | – | – | – | ≤4 | 8 | ≥16 |
| Bacillus anthracis † | |||||||||
| Doxycycline | ≤1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tetracycline | ≤1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Brucella species † | |||||||||
| Doxycycline | ≤1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tetracycline | ≤1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Enterobacteriaceae | |||||||||
| Doxycycline | ≤4 | 8 | ≥16 | ≥14 | 11-13 | ≤10 | – | – | – |
| Tetracycline | ≤4 | 8 | ≥16 | ≥15 | 12-14 | ≤11 | – | – | – |
| Franciscella tularensis † | |||||||||
| Doxycycline | ≤4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tetracycline | ≤4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Haemophilus influenzae | |||||||||
| Tetracycline | ≤2 | 4 | ≥8 | ≥29 | 26-28 | ≤25 | – | – | – |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae † | |||||||||
| Tetracycline | – | – | – | – | – | – | ≤2 | – | – |
| Nocardiae and other aerobic Actinomyces species † | |||||||||
| Doxycycline | ≤1 | 2-4 | ≥8 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae ‡ | |||||||||
| Tetracycline | – | – | – | ≥38 | 31-37 | ≤30 | ≤0.25 | 0.5-1 | ≥2 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | |||||||||
| Doxycycline | <0.25 | 0.5 | >1 | ≥28 | 25-27 | ≤24 | – | – | – |
| Tetracycline | ≤1 | 2 | ≥4 | ≥28 | 25-27 | ≤24 | – | – | – |
| Vibrio cholerae | |||||||||
| Doxycycline | ≤4 | 8 | ≥16 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tetracycline | ≤4 | 8 | ≥16 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yersinia pestis | |||||||||
| Doxycycline | ≤4 | 8 | ≥16 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tetracycline | ≤4 | 8 | ≥16 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ureaplasma urealyticum | |||||||||
| Tetracycline | – | – | – | – | – | – | ≤1 | – | ≥2 |
A report of “Susceptible” (S) indicates that the antimicrobial drug is likely to inhibit growth of the microorganism if the antimicrobial drug reaches the concentration usually achievable at the site of infection. A report of Intermediate (I) indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and, if the bacteria is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug product is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high dosage of drug can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone that prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of Resistant (R) indicates that the antimicrobial is not likely to inhibit growth of the pathogen if the antimicrobial drug reaches the concentrations usually achievable at the infection site; other therapy should be selected.
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