Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (Page 4 of 11)

6.2 Postmarketing Experience


The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of TDF. No additional adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of FTC. Because postmarketing reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Immune System Disorders
allergic reaction, including angioedema
Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders
lactic acidosis, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia
Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorders
dyspnea
Gastrointestinal Disorders
pancreatitis, increased amylase, abdominal pain
Hepatobiliary Disorders
hepatic steatosis, hepatitis, increased liver enzymes (most commonly AST, ALT gamma GT)
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders
rash
Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders
rhabdomyolysis, osteomalacia (manifested as bone pain and which may contribute to fractures), muscular weakness, myopathy
Renal and Urinary Disorders
acute renal failure, renal failure, acute tubular necrosis, Fanconi syndrome, proximal renal tubulopathy, interstitial nephritis (including acute cases), nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, renal insufficiency, increased creatinine, proteinuria, polyuria
General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions
asthenia

The following adverse reactions, listed under the body system headings above, may occur as a consequence of proximal renal tubulopathy: rhabdomyolysis, osteomalacia, hypokalemia, muscular weakness, myopathy, hypophosphatemia.

7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

7.1 Drugs Affecting Renal Function


FTC and tenofovir are primarily excreted by the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)]. No drug-drug interactions due to competition for renal excretion have been observed; however, coadministration of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of FTC, tenofovir, and/or the coadministered drug. Some examples include, but are not limited to, acyclovir, adefovir dipivoxil, cidofovir, ganciclovir, valacyclovir, valganciclovir, aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin), and high-dose or multiple NSAIDs [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3)] . Drugs that decrease renal function may increase concentrations of FTC and/or tenofovir.

7.2 Established and Significant Interactions

Table 7 provides a listing of established or clinically significant drug interactions. The drug interactions described are based on studies conducted with either emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, the components of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets (FTC and TDF) as individual agents and/or in combination, or are predicted drug interactions that may occur with emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] .

Table 7 Established and Significant a Drug Interactions: Alteration in Dose or Regimen May Be Recommended Based on Drug Interaction Trials

Concomitant Drug Class: Drug Name Effect on Concentration Clinical Comment
NRTI: didanosine c ↑ didanosine Patients receiving emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and didanosine should be monitored closely for didanosine-associated adverse reactions. Discontinue didanosine in patients who develop didanosine-associated adverse reactions. Higher didanosine concentrations could potentiate didanosine-associated adverse reactions, including pancreatitis, and neuropathy. Suppression of CD4+ cell counts has been observed in patients receiving TDF with didanosine 400 mg daily. In patients weighing greater than 60 kg, reduce the didanosine dose to 250 mg when it is coadministered with emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Data are not available to recommend a dose adjustment of didanosine for adult or pediatric patients weighing less than 60 kg. When coadministered, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and Videx EC may be taken under fasted conditions or with a light meal (less than 400 kcal, 20% fat).
HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors: atazanavir c lopinavir/ritonavir c atazanavir/ritonavir c darunavir/ritonavir c ↓ atazanavir ↑ tenofovir When coadministered with emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, atazanavir 300 mg should be given with ritonavir 100 mg. Monitor patients receiving emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate concomitantly with lopinavir/ritonavir, ritonavir-boosted atazanavir, or ritonavir-boosted darunavir for TDF-associated adverse reactions. Discontinue emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in patients who develop TDF-associated adverse reactions.
Hepatitis C Antiviral Agents: sofosbuvir/velpatasvir c sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/ voxilaprevir c ledipasvir/sofosbuvir c ↑ tenofovir Monitor patients receiving emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate concomitantly with EPCLUSA ® (sofosbuvir/velpatasvir) or VOSEVI ® (sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir) for adverse reactions associated with TDF. Monitor patients receiving emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate concomitantly with HARVONI ® (ledipasvir/sofosbuvir) without an HIV-1 protease inhibitor/ritonavir or an HIV-1 protease inhibitor/cobicistat combination for adverse reactions associated with TDF. In patients receiving emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate concomitantly with HARVONI and an HIV-1 protease inhibitor/ritonavir or an HIV-1 protease inhibitor/cobicistat combination, consider an alternative HCV or antiretroviral therapy, as the safety of increased tenofovir concentrations in this setting has not been established. If coadministration is necessary, monitor for adverse reactions associated with TDF.

a. This table is not all inclusive.
b. ↑=Increase, ↓=Decrease. c. Indicates that a drug-drug interaction trial was conducted.

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

8.1 Pregnancy

Pregnancy Exposure Registry
There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by calling the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (APR) at 1-800-258-4263.

Risk Summary
Data on the use of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate during pregnancy from observational studies have shown no increased risk of major birth defects. Available data from the APR show no significant difference in the overall risk of major birth defects with first trimester exposure for emtricitabine (FTC) (2.3%) or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) (2.1%) compared with the background rate for major birth defects of 2.7% in a U.S. reference population of the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) (see Data). The rate of miscarriage for individual drugs is not reported in the APR. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 15 to 20%.

In animal reproduction studies, no adverse developmental effects were observed when the components of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets were administered separately at doses/exposures ≥60 (FTC), ≥14 (TDF) and 2.7 (tenofovir) times those of the recommended daily dose of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (see Data).

Clinical Considerations
Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk
HIV-1 PrEP: Published studies indicate an increased risk of HIV-1 infection during pregnancy and an increased risk of mother to child transmission during acute HIV-1 infection. In women at risk of acquiring HIV-1, consideration should be given to methods to prevent acquisition of HIV, including continuing or initiating emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV-1 PrEP, during pregnancy.

Data
Human Data
Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV-1 PrEP: In an observational study based on prospective reports to the APR, 78 HIV-seronegative women exposed to emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate during pregnancy delivered live-born infants with no major malformations. All but one were first trimester exposures, and the median duration of exposure was 10.5 weeks. There were no new safety findings in the women receiving emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV-1 PrEP compared with HIV-1 infected women treated with other antiretroviral medications.

Emtricitabine: Based on prospective reports to the APR of exposures to FTC-containing regimens during pregnancy resulting in live births (including over 3,300 exposed in the first trimester and over 1,300 exposed in the second/third trimester), the prevalence of major birth defects in live births was 2.6% (95% CI: 2.1% to 3.2%) and 2.3% (95% CI: 1.6% to 3.3%) following first and second/third trimester exposure, respectively, to FTC-containing regimens.

Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Based on prospective reports to the APR of exposures to TDF-containing regimens during pregnancy resulting in live births (including over 4,000 exposed in the first trimester and over 1,700 exposed in the second/third trimester), the prevalence of major birth defects in live births was 2.4% (95% CI: 2.0% to 2.9%) and 2.4% (95% CI: 1.7% to 3.2%) following first and second/third trimester exposure, respectively, to TDF-containing regimens.

Methodologic limitations of the APR include the use of MACDP as the external comparator group. The MACDP population is not disease-specific, evaluates women and infants from a limited geographic area, and does not include outcomes for births that occurred at <20 weeks gestation.

Additionally, published observational studies on emtricitabine and tenofovir exposure in pregnancy have not shown an increased risk for major malformations.

Animal Data
Emtricitabine: FTC was administered orally to pregnant mice (at 0, 250, 500, or 1,000 mg/kg/day), and rabbits (at 0, 100, 300, or 1,000 mg/kg/day) through organogenesis (on gestation days 6 through 15, and 7 through 19, respectively). No significant toxicological effects were observed in embryo-fetal toxicity studies performed with FTC in mice at exposures (AUC) approximately 60 times higher and in rabbits at approximately 120 times higher than human exposures at the recommended daily dose. In a pre/postnatal development study in mice, FTC was administered orally at doses up to 1,000 mg/kg/day; no significant adverse effects directly related to drug were observed in the offspring exposed daily from before birth ( in utero) through sexual maturity at daily exposures (AUC) of approximately 60 times higher than human exposures at the recommended daily dose.

Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: TDF was administered orally to pregnant rats (at 0, 50, 150, or 450 mg/kg/day) and rabbits (at 0, 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg/day) through organogenesis (on gestation days 7 through 17, and 6 through 18, respectively). No significant toxicological effects were observed in embryo-fetal toxicity studies performed with TDF in rats at doses up to 14 times the human dose based on body surface area comparisons and in rabbits at doses up to 19 times the human dose based on body surface area comparisons. In a pre/postnatal development study in rats, TDF was administered orally through lactation at doses up to 600 mg/kg/day; no adverse effects were observed in the offspring at tenofovir exposures of approximately 2.7 times higher than human exposures at the recommended daily dose of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

All MedLibrary.org resources are included in as near-original form as possible, meaning that the information from the original provider has been rendered here with only typographical or stylistic modifications and not with any substantive alterations of content, meaning or intent.

This site is provided for educational and informational purposes only, in accordance with our Terms of Use, and is not intended as a substitute for the advice of a medical doctor, nurse, nurse practitioner or other qualified health professional.

Privacy Policy | Copyright © 2024. All Rights Reserved.