Enalapril Maleate (Page 5 of 7)

ADVERSE REACTIONS

Enalapril maleate has been evaluated for safety in more than 10,000 patients, including over 1000 patients treated for one year or more. Enalapril maleate has been found to be generally well tolerated in controlled clinical trials involving 2987 patients. For the most part, adverse experiences were mild and transient in nature. In clinical trials, discontinuation of therapy due to clinical adverse experiences was required in 3.3 percent of patients with hypertension and in 5.7 percent of patients with heart failure. The frequency of adverse experiences was not related to total daily dosage within the usual dosage ranges. In patients with hypertension the overall percentage of patients treated with enalapril maleate reporting adverse experiences was comparable to placebo.

Hypertension

Adverse experiences occurring in greater than one percent of patients with hypertension treated with enalapril maleate in controlled clinical trials are shown below. In patients treated with enalapril maleate, the maximum duration of therapy was three years; in placebo-treated patients the maximum duration of therapy was 12 weeks.

Enalapril Maleate(n = 2314)Incidence (discontinuation) Placebo(n = 230)Incidence
Body As A Whole
Fatigue 3.0 (<0.1) 2.6
Orthostatic Effects 1.2 (<0.1) 0.0
Asthenia 1.1 (0.1) 0.9
Digestive
Diarrhea 1.4 (<0.1) 1.7
Nausea 1.4 (0.2) 1.7
Nervous/Psychiatric
Headache 5.2 (0.3) 9.1
Dizziness 4.3 (0.4) 4.3
Respiratory
Cough 1.3 (0.1) 0.9
Skin
Rash 1.4 (0.4) 0.4

Heart Failure

Adverse experiences occurring in greater than one percent of patients with heart failure treated with enalapril maleate are shown below. The incidences represent the experiences from both controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials (maximum duration of therapy was approximately one year). In the placebo-treated patients, the incidences reported are from the controlled trials (maximum duration of therapy is 12 weeks). The percentage of patients with severe heart failure (NYHA Class IV) was 29 percent and 43 percent for patients treated with enalapril maleate and placebo, respectively.

Enalapril Maleate(n = 673)Incidence (discontinuation) Placebo(n = 339)Incidence
Body As A Whole
Orthostatic Effects 2.2 (0.1) 0.3
Syncope 2.2 (0.1) 0.9
Chest Pain 2.1 (0.0) 2.1
Fatigue 1.8 (0.0) 1.8
Abdominal Pain 1.6 (0.4) 2.1
Asthenia 1.6 (0.1) 0.3
Cardiovascular
Hypotension 6.7 (1.9) 0.6
Orthostatic Hypotension 1.6 (0.1) 0.3
Angina Pectoris 1.5 (0.1) 1.8
Myocardial Infarction 1.2 (0.3) 1.8
Digestive
Diarrhea 2.1 (0.1) 1.2
Nausea 1.3 (0.1) 0.6
Vomiting 1.3 (0.0) 0.9
Nervous/Psychiatric
Dizziness 7.9 (0.6) 0.6
Headache 1.8 (0.1) 0.9
Vertigo 1.6 (0.1) 1.2
Respiratory
Cough 2.2 (0.0) 0.6
Bronchitis 1.3 (0.0) 0.9
Dyspnea 1.3 (0.1) 0.4
Pneumonia 1.0 (0.0) 2.4
Skin
Rash 1.3 (0.0) 2.4
Urogenital
Urinary Tract Infection 1.3 (0.0) 2.4

Other serious clinical adverse experiences occurring since the drug was marketed or adverse experiences occurring in 0.5 to 1.0 percent of patients with hypertension or heart failure in clinical trials are listed below and, within each category, are in order of decreasing severity.

Body As A Whole: Anaphylactoid reactions (see WARNINGS, Anaphylactoid and Possibly Related Reactions).

Cardiovascular: Cardiac arrest; myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident, possibly secondary to excessive hypotension in high risk patients (see WARNINGS, Hypotension); pulmonary embolism and infarction; pulmonary edema; rhythm disturbances including atrial tachycardia and bradycardia; atrial fibrillation; palpitation, Raynaud’s phenomenon.

Digestive: Ileus, pancreatitis, hepatic failure, hepatitis (hepatocellular [proven on rechallenge] or cholestatic jaundice) (see WARNINGS, Hepatic Failure), melena, anorexia, dyspepsia, constipation, glossitis, stomatitis, dry mouth.

Hematologic: Rare cases of neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and bone marrow depression.

Musculoskeletal: Muscle cramps.

Nervous/Psychiatric: Depression, confusion, ataxia, somnolence, insomnia, nervousness, peripheral neuropathy (e.g., paresthesia, dysesthesia), dream abnormality.

Respiratory: Bronchospasm, rhinorrhea, sore throat and hoarseness, asthma, upper respiratory infection, pulmonary infiltrates, eosinophilic pneumonitis.

Skin: Exfoliative dermatitis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, pemphigus, herpes zoster, erythema multiforme, urticaria, pruritus, alopecia, flushing, diaphoresis, photosensitivity.

Special Senses: Blurred vision, taste alteration, anosmia, tinnitus, conjunctivitis, dry eyes, tearing.

Urogenital: Renal failure, oliguria, renal dysfunction (see PRECAUTIONS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION), flank pain, gynecomastia, impotence.

Miscellaneous: A symptom complex has been reported which may include some or all of the following: a positive ANA, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, arthralgia/arthritis, myalgia/myositis, fever, serositis, vasculitis, leukocytosis, eosinophilia, photosensitivity, rash and other dermatologic manifestations.

Angioedema: Angioedema has been reported in patients receiving enalapril maleate, with an incidence higher in black than in non-black patients. Angioedema associated with laryngeal edema may be fatal. If angioedema of the face, extremities, lips, tongue, glottis and/or larynx occurs, treatment with enalapril maleate should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted immediately (see WARNINGS, Head and Neck Angioedema).

Hypotension: In the hypertensive patients, hypotension occurred in 0.9 percent and syncope occurred in 0.5 percent of patients following the initial dose or during extended therapy. Hypotension or syncope was a cause for discontinuation of therapy in 0.1 percent of hypertensive patients. In heart failure patients, hypotension occurred in 6.7 percent and syncope occurred in 2.2 percent of patients. Hypotension or syncope was a cause for discontinuation of therapy in 1.9 percent of patients with heart failure (see WARNINGS, Hypotension).

Cough: See PRECAUTIONS, Cough.

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