Febuxostat (Page 4 of 6)

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Two year carcinogenicity studies were conducted in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Increased transitional cell papilloma and carcinoma of the urinary bladder was observed at 24 mg/kg (25 times the MRHD on an AUC basis and 18.75 mg/kg (12.5 times the MRHD on an AUC basis) in male rats and female mice, respectively. The urinary bladder neoplasms were secondary to calculus formation in the kidney and urinary bladder.

Febuxostat showed a positive clastogenic response in a chromosomal aberration assay in a Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cell line with and without metabolic activation in vitro. Febuxostat was negative in the following genotoxicity assays: the in vitro Ames assay, in vitro chromosomal aberration assay in human peripheral lymphocytes, the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell line assay, the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay, and the rat unscheduled DNA synthesis assay.
Fertility and reproductive performance were unaffected in male or female rats that received febuxostat at oral doses up to 48 mg/kg/day (approximately 31 and 40 times the MRHD on an AUC basis in males and females respectively).

13.2 Animal Toxicology

A 12 month toxicity study in beagle dogs showed deposition of xanthine crystals and calculi in kidneys at 15 mg/kg (approximately 4 times the MRHD on an AUC basis). A similar effect of calculus formation was noted in rats in a 6 month study due to deposition of xanthine crystals at 48 mg/kg (approximately 31 and 40 times the MRHD on an AUC basis in males and females respectively).

14 CLINICAL STUDIES


A serum uric acid level of less than 6 mg/dL is the goal of antihyperuricemic therapy and has been established as appropriate for the treatment of gout.

14.1 Management of Hyperuricemia in Gout

The efficacy of febuxostat was demonstrated in three randomized, double-blind, controlled trials in patients with hyperuricemia and gout. Hyperuricemia was defined as a baseline serum uric acid level ≥8 mg/dL.

Study 1 (NCT00430248) randomized patients to: febuxostat 40 mg daily, febuxostat 80 mg daily, or allopurinol (300 mg daily for patients with estimated creatinine clearance (Clcr ) ≥60 mL/min or 200 mg daily for patients with estimated Clcr ≥30 mL/min and ≤59 mL/min). The duration of Study 1 was six months.

Study 2 (NCT00174915) randomized patients to: placebo, febuxostat 80 mg daily, febuxostat 120 mg daily, febuxostat 240 mg daily or allopurinol (300 mg daily for patients with a baseline serum creatinine ≤1.5 mg/dL or 100 mg daily for patients with a baseline serum creatinine greater than 1.5 mg/dL and ≤2 mg/dL). The duration of Study 2 was six months.

Study 3 (NCT00102440), a year study, randomized patients to: febuxostat 80 mg daily, febuxostat 120 mg daily, or allopurinol 300 mg daily. Patients who completed Study 2 and Study 3 were eligible to enroll in a Phase 3 long-term extension study in which patients received treatment with febuxostat for over three years.

In all three studies, patients received naproxen 250 mg twice daily or colchicine 0.6 mg once or twice daily for gout flare prophylaxis. In Study 1 the duration of prophylaxis was six months; in Study 2 and Study 3 the duration of prophylaxis was eight weeks.

The efficacy of febuxostat was also evaluated in a 4 week dose ranging study which randomized patients to: placebo, febuxostat 40 mg daily, febuxostat 80 mg daily, or febuxostat 120 mg daily. Patients who completed this study were eligible to enroll in a long-term extension study in which patients received treatment with febuxostat for up to five years.

Patients in these studies were representative of the patient population for which febuxostat use is intended. Table 2 summarizes the demographics and baseline characteristics for the patients enrolled in the studies.

Table 2: Patient Demographics and Baseline Characteristics in Study 1, Study 2, and Study 3
Male 95%
Race: Caucasian African American 80% 10%
Ethnicity: Hispanic or Latino 7%
Alcohol User 67%
Mild to Moderate Renal Insufficiency (percent with estimated Clcr less than 90 mL/min) 59%
History of Hypertension 49%
History of Hyperlipidemia 38%
BMI ≥30 kg/m2 63%
Mean BMI 33 kg/m2
Baseline sUA ≥10 mg/dL 36%
Mean baseline sUA 9.7 mg/dL
Experienced a gout flare in previous year 85%

Serum Uric Acid Level less than 6 mg/dL at Final VisitFebuxostat 80 mg was superior to allopurinol in lowering serum uric acid to less than 6 mg/dL at the final visit. Febuxostat 40 mg daily, although not superior to allopurinol, was effective in lowering serum uric acid to less than 6 mg/dL at the final visit (Table 3).

Table 3: Proportion of Patients with Serum Uric Acid Levels less than 6 mg/dL at Final Visit
*
Randomization was balanced between treatment groups, except in Study 2 in which twice as many patients were randomized to each of the active treatment groups compared to placebo.
Study * Febuxostat 40 mg daily Febuxostat 80 mg daily allopurinol Placebo Difference in Proportion (95% CI)
Febuxostat 40 mg vs allopurinol Febuxostat 80 mg vs allopurinol
Study 1 (6 months) (N=2268) 45% 67% 42% 3% (-2%, 8%) 25% (20%, 30%)
Study 2 (6 months) (N=643) 72% 39% 1% 33% (26%, 42%)
Study 3 (12 months) (N=491) 74% 36% 38% (30%, 46%)

In 76% of febuxostat 80 mg patients, reduction in serum uric acid levels to less than 6 mg/dL was noted by the Week 2 visit. Average serum uric acid levels were maintained at 6 mg/dL or below throughout treatment in 83% of these patients.
In all treatment groups, fewer patients with higher baseline serum urate levels (≥10 mg/dL) and/or tophi achieved the goal of lowering serum uric acid to less than 6 mg/dL at the final visit; however, a higher proportion achieved a serum uric acid less than 6 mg/dL with febuxostat 80 mg than with febuxostat 40 mg or allopurinol.Study 1 evaluated efficacy in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment (i.e., baseline estimated Clcr less than 90 mL/min). The results in this subgroup of patients are shown in Table 4.

Table 4: Proportion of Patients with Serum Uric Acid Levels less than 6 mg/dL in Patients with Mild or Moderate Renal Impairment at Final Visit
*
Allopurinol patients (n=145) with estimated Clcr ≥30 mL/min and Clcr ≤59 mL/min were dosed at 200 mg daily.
Febuxostat 40 mg daily (N=479) Febuxostat 80 mg daily (N=503) allopurinol * 300 mg daily (N=501) Difference in Proportion (95% CI)
Febuxostat 40 mg vs allopurinol Febuxostat 80 mg vs allopurinol
50% 72% 42% 7% (1%, 14%) 29% (23%, 35%)

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