FENOFIBRATE (Page 5 of 7)

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis and Impairment of Fertility

Two dietary carcinogenicity studies have been conducted in rats with fenofibrate. In the first 24-month study, Wistar rats were dosed with fenofibrate at 10 mg/kg/day, 45 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day, approximately 0.3, 1, and 6 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 300 mg fenofibrate daily, equivalent to 160 mg fenofibrate daily, based on body surface area comparisons. At a dose of 200 mg/kg/day (at 6 times the MRHD), the incidence of liver carcinomas was significantly increased in both sexes. A statistically significant increase in pancreatic carcinomas was observed in males at 1 and 6 times the MRHD; an increase in pancreatic adenomas and benign testicular interstitial cell tumors was observed at 6 times the MRHD in males. In a second 24-month rat carcinogenicity study in a different strain of rats (Sprague-Dawley), doses of 10 mg/kg/day and 60 mg/kg/day (0.3 and 2 times the MRHD) produced significant increases in the incidence of pancreatic acinar adenomas in both sexes and increases in testicular interstitial cell tumors in males at 2 times the MRHD.

A 117-week carcinogenicity study was conducted in rats comparing three drugs: fenofibrate 10 mg/kg/day and 60 mg/kg/day (0.3 and 2 times the MRHD, based on body surface area comparison), clofibrate (400 mg/kg/day; 2 times the human dose), and gemfibrozil (250 mg/kg/day; 2 times the human dose, based on mg/m2 surface area). Fenofibrate increased pancreatic acinar adenomas in both sexes. Clofibrate increased hepatocellular carcinoma and pancreatic acinar adenomas in males and hepatic neoplastic nodules in females. Gemfibrozil increased hepatic neoplastic nodules in males and females, while all three drugs increased testicular interstitial cell tumors in males.

In a 21-month study in CF-1 mice, fenofibrate 10 mg/kg/day, 45 mg/kg/day, and 200 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.2, 1, and 3 times the MRHD, based on body surface area comparison) significantly increased the liver carcinomas in both sexes at 3 times the MRHD. In a second 18-month study at 10 mg/kg/day, 60 mg/kg/day, and 200 mg/kg/day, fenofibrate significantly increased the liver carcinomas in male mice and liver adenomas in female mice at 3 times the MRHD.

Electron microscopy studies have demonstrated peroxisomal proliferation following fenofibrate administration to the rat. An adequate study to test for peroxisome proliferation in humans has not been done, but changes in peroxisome morphology and numbers have been observed in humans after treatment with other members of the fibrate class when liver biopsies were compared before and after treatment in the same individual.

Fenofibrate has been demonstrated to be devoid of mutagenic potential in the following tests: Ames, mouse lymphoma, chromosomal aberration and unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocytes.

In fertility studies rats were given oral dietary doses of fenofibrate, males received 61 days prior to mating and females 15 days prior to mating through weaning which resulted in no adverse effect on fertility at doses up to 300 mg/kg/day (10 times the MRHD, based on body surface area comparisons).

14 CLINICAL STUDIES

14.1 Primary Hypercholesterolemia (Heterozygous Familial and Nonfamilial) and Mixed Dyslipidemia

The effects of fenofibrate at a dose equivalent to 160 mg fenofibrate tablets per day were assessed from four randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group studies including patients with the following mean baseline lipid values: total-C 306.9 mg/dL; LDL-C 213.8 mg/dL; HDL-C 52.3 mg/dL; and triglycerides 191 mg/dL. Fenofibrate therapy lowered LDL-C, Total-C, and the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio. Fenofibrate therapy also lowered triglycerides and raised HDL-C (see Table 4).

Table 4: Mean Percent Change in Lipid Parameters at End of Treatment

Treatment Group

Total-C

LDL-C

HDL-C

TG

Pooled Cohort

Mean baseline lipid values (n=646)

306.9 mg/dL

213.8 mg/dL

52.3 mg/dL

191 mg/dL

All FEN (n=361)

-18.7%*

-20.6%*

+11%*

-28.9%*

Placebo (n=285)

-0.4%

-2.2%

+0.7%

+7.7%

Baseline LDL-C > 160 mg/dL and TG < 150 mg/dL

Mean baseline lipid values (n=334)

307.7 mg/dL

227.7 mg/dL

58.1 mg/dL

101.7 mg/dL

All FEN (n=193)

-22.4%*

-31.4%*

+9.8%*

-23.5%*

Placebo (n=141)

+0.2%

-2.2%

+2.6%

+11.7%

Baseline LDL-C > 160 mg/dL and TG ≥ 150 mg/dL

Mean baseline lipid values (n=242)

312.8 mg/dL

219.8 mg/dL

46.7 mg/dL

231.9 mg/dL

All FEN (n=126)

-16.8%*

-20.1%*

+14.6%*

-35.9%*

Placebo (n=116)

-3%

-6.6%

+2.3%

+0.9%

† Duration of study treatment was 3 to 6 months.

* p = < 0.05 vs. Placebo

In a subset of the subjects, measurements of apo B were conducted. Fenofibrate treatment significantly reduced apo B from baseline to endpoint as compared with placebo (-25.1% vs. 2.4%, p < 0.0001, n=213 and 143 respectively).

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