Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride (Page 5 of 7)

Specific Populations

Hepatic Impairment

No pharmacokinetic studies have been conducted in patients with hepatic insufficiency for either glyburide or metformin [see Warnings and Precautions (8.7)].

Renal Impairment

No information is available on the pharmacokinetics of glyburide in patients with renal insufficiency.

In patients with decreased renal function the plasma and blood half-life of metformin is prolonged and the renal clearance is decreased (Table 4); [see Dosage and Administration (2), Contraindications (4), and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Geriatrics

There is no information on the pharmacokinetics of glyburide in elderly patients.

Limited data from controlled pharmacokinetic studies of metformin in healthy elderly subjects suggest that total plasma clearance is decreased, the half-life is prolonged, and C_max is increased, when compared to healthy young subjects. From these data, it appears that the change in metformin pharmacokinetics with aging is primarily accounted for by a change in renal function (Table4); [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Table 4: Select Mean (±SD) Metformin Pharmacokinetic Parameters Following Single or Multiple Oral Doses of Metformin HCl

a All doses given fasting except the first 18 doses of the multiple-dose studiesb Peak plasma concentrationc Time to peak plasma concentrationd SD=single dosee Combined results (average means) of 5 studies: mean age 32 years (range 23 to 59 years)f Kinetic study done following dose 19, given fastingg Elderly subjects, mean age 71 years (range 65 to 81 years)h CLcr =creatinine clearance normalized to body surface area of 1.73 m2
Subject Groups: Metformin HCl Dosea (number of subjects)	Cmax b (mcg/mL)	Tmax c (hrs)	Renal Clearance (mL/min)
Healthy, nondiabetic adults: 500 mg SDd (24)850 mg SD (74)e 850 mg t.i.d. for 19 dosesf (9)	1.03 (±0.33)1.60 (±0.38)2.01 (±0.42)	2.75 (±0.81)2.64 (±0.82)1.79 (±0.94)	600 (±132)552 (±139)642 (±173)
Adults with type 2 diabetes: 850 mg SD (23)850 mg t.i.d. for 19 dosesf (9)	1.48 (±0.5)1.90 (±0.62)	3.32 (±1.08)2.01 (±1.22)	491 (±138)550 (±160)
Elderlyg , healthy nondiabetic adults:850 mg SD (12)	2.45 (±0.70)	2.71 (±1.05)	412 (±98)
Renal-impaired adults: 850 mg SD Mild (CLcr h 61 to 90 mL/min) (5)Moderate (CLcr 31 to 60 mL/min) (4)Severe (CLcr 10 to 30 mL/min) (6)	1.86 (±0.52)4.12 (±1.83)3.93 (±0.92)	3.20 (±0.45)3.75 (±0.50)4.01 (±1.10)	384 (±122)108 (±57)130 (±90)

Gender

There is no information on the effect of gender on the pharmacokinetics of glyburide.

Metformin pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ significantly in subjects with or without type 2 diabetes when analyzed according to gender (males=19, females=16).

Race

No information is available on race differences in the pharmacokinetics of glyburide.

No studies of metformin pharmacokinetic parameters according to race have been performed.

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

No animal studies have been conducted with the combined products in glyburide and metformin hydrochloride. The following data are based on findings in studies performed with the individual products.

Glyburide

Studies in rats with glyburide alone at doses up to 300 mg/kg/day (approximately 145 times the maximum recommended human daily dose of 20 mg for the glyburide component of glyburide and metformin hydrochloride based on body surface area comparisons) for 18 months revealed no carcinogenic effects. In a 2-year oncogenicity study of glyburide in mice, there was no evidence of treatment-related tumors.

There was no evidence of mutagenic potential of glyburide alone in the following in vitro tests: Salmonella microsome test (Ames test) and in the DNA damage/alkaline elution assay.

No evidence of impaired fertility was observed when doses up to 500 times the maximum recommended human dose of 20 mg of glyburide, based on body surface area comparisons, were administered to rats in reproduction studies. Metformin

Long-term carcinogenicity studies have been performed in rats (dosing duration of 104 weeks) and mice (dosing duration of 91 weeks) at doses up to and including 900 mg/kg/day and 1500 mg/kg/day, respectively. These doses are both approximately 4 times the maximum recommendation human daily dose of 2000 mg on body surface area comparisons. No evidence of carcinogenicity with metformin was found in either male or female mice. Similarly, there was no tumorigenic potential observed with metformin in male rats. There was, however, an increased incidence of benign stromal uterine polyps in female rats treated with 900 mg/kg/day.

There was no evidence of a mutagenic potential of metformin in the following in vitro tests: Ames test (S. typhimurium), gene mutation test (mouse lymphoma cells), or chromosomal aberrations test (human lymphocytes). Results in the in vivo mouse micronucleus test were also negative.

Fertility of male or female rats was unaffected by metformin when administered at doses as high as 600 mg/kg/day, which is approximately 3 times the maximum recommended human daily dose of 2000 mg based on body surface area comparisons.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES

Patients with Inadequate Glycemic Control on Diet and Exercise Alone

In a 20-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter U.S. clinical study, involving 806 drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes, whose hyperglycemia was not adequately controlled with dietary management alone (baseline fasting plasma glucose [FPG] below 240 mg/dL, baseline hemoglobin A_1c [HbA1c] between 7% and 11%), were randomized to receive initial therapy with placebo, 2.5 mg glyburide, 500 mg metformin HCl, glyburide and metformin hydrochloride 1.25 mg/250 mg, or glyburide and metformin hydrochloride 2.5 mg/500 mg. After 4 weeks, the dose was progressively increased to a maximum of 4 tablets daily as needed to reach a target FPG of 126 mg/dL. Study data at 20 weeks are summarized in Table 5.

Table 5: Mean Change in Hemoglobin A1c and Fasting Plasma Glucose in Patients Receiving Placebo, Glyburide, Metformin HCl or Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride at 20 Weeks

a p<0.001b p<0.05c p=NS
	Placebo	Glyburide 2.5 mg tablets	Metformin HCl 500 mg tablets	Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride 1.25 mg/250 mg tablets	Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride 2.5 mg/500 mg tablets
Mean Final Dose	0 mg	5.3 mg	1317 mg	2.78 mg/557 mg	4.1 mg/824 mg
Hemoglobin A1c	N=147	N=142	N=141	N=149	N=152
Baseline Mean (%)	8.14	8.14	8.23	8.22	8.20
Mean Change from Baseline	−0.21	−1.24	−1.03	−1.48	−1.53
Difference from Placebo		−1.02	−0.82	−1.26a	−1.31a
Difference from Glyburide				−0.24b	−0.29b
Difference from Metformin				−0.44b	−0.49b
Fasting Plasma Glucose	N=159	N=158	N=156	N=153	N=154
Baseline Mean FPG (mg/dL)	177.2	178.9	175.1	178	176.6
Mean Change from Baseline	4.6	−35.7	−21.2	−41.5	−40.1
Difference from Placebo		−40.3	−25.8	−46.1a	−44.7a
Difference from Glyburide				−5.8c	−4.5c
Difference from Metformin				−20.3c	−18.9c
Final HbA1c Distribution (%)	N=147	N=142	N=141	N=149	N=152
<7%	19.7%	59.9%	50.4%	66.4%	71.7%
≥7% and <8%	37.4%	26.1%	29.8%	25.5%	19.1%
≥8%	42.9%	14.1%	19.9%	8.1%	9.2%

Mean baseline body weight was 87 kg, 87 kg, 89 kg, 89 kg and 87 kg in the placebo, glyburide 2.5mg, metformin 500mg, glyburide and metformin hydrochloride 1.25mg/250mg and 2.5mg/500mg arms, respectively. Mean change in body weight from baseline to week 20 was -0.7 kg, +1.7 kg, -0.6 kg, +1.4 kg and +1.9 in the placebo, glyburide, metformin, glyburide and metformin hydrochloride 1.25mg/250mg and 2.5mg/500mg arms, respectively.

Patients with Inadequate Glycemic Control on Sulfonylurea Alone

In a 16-week, double-blind, active-controlled U.S. clinical study, a total of 639 patients with type 2 diabetes not adequately controlled (mean baseline HbA1c 9.5%, mean baseline FPG 213 mg/dL) while being treated with at least one-half the maximum dose of a sulfonylurea (e.g., glyburide 10 mg, glipizide 20 mg) were randomized to receive glyburide (fixed dose, 20 mg), metformin HCl (500 mg), glyburide and metformin hydrochloride 2.5 mg/500 mg, or glyburide and metformin hydrochloride 5 mg/500 mg. The doses of metformin HCl and glyburide and metformin hydrochloride were titrated to a maximum of 4 tablets daily as needed to achieve FPG <140 mg/dL. Study data at 16 weeks are summarized in Table 6.

Table 6: Mean Change in Hemoglobin A1c and Fasting Plasma Glucose in Patients Receiving Glyburide, Metformin HCl or Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride at 16 Weeks

a p<0.001
	Glyburide 5 mg tablets	Metformin HCl 500 mg tablets	Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride 2.5 mg/500 mg tablets	Glyburide and Metformin Hydrochloride 5 mg/500 mg tablets
Mean Final Dose	20 mg	1840 mg	8.8 mg/1760 mg	17 mg/1740 mg
Hemoglobin A1c	N=158	N=142	N=154	N=159
Baseline Mean (%)	9.63	9.51	9.43	9.44
Final Mean	9.61	9.82	7.92	7.91
Difference from Glyburide			−1.69a	−1.70a
Difference from Metformin			−1.90a	−1.91a
Fasting Plasma Glucose	N=163	N=152	N=160	N=160
Baseline Mean (mg/dL)	218.4	213.4	212.2	210.2
Final Mean	221.0	233.8	169.6	161.1
Difference from Glyburide			−51.3a	−59.9a
Difference from Metformin			−64.2a	−72.7a
Final HbA1c Distribution (%)	N=158	N=142	N=154	N=159
<7%	2.5%	2.8%	24.7%	22.6%
≥7% and <8%	9.5%	11.3%	33.1%	37.1%
≥8%	88%	85.9%	42.2%	40.3%

Weight gain due to glyburide was comparable in all three exposed groups.