Lidocaine

LIDOCAINE- lidocaine patch
Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc.

DESCRIPTION

Lidocaine patch 5% is comprised of an adhesive material containing 5% lidocaine, USP, which is applied to a pigmented polyethylene/polyester backing film printed with brown ink and covered with a silicone coated polyester film release liner. The release liner is removed prior to application to the skin. The size of the patch is 10 cm × 14 cm.

Lidocaine is chemically designated as 2-(Diethylamino)-2’,6’-acetoxylidide, has an octanol: water partition ratio of 43 at pH 7.4, and has the following structure:

Lidocaine Structural Formula

Each adhesive patch contains 140 mg of lidocaine, USP (50 mg per gram adhesive) in a polyisobutylene adhesive matrix.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacodynamics

Lidocaine is an amide-type local anesthetic agent and is suggested to stabilize neuronal membranes by inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of impulses.

The penetration of lidocaine into intact skin after application of lidocaine patch 5% is sufficient to produce an analgesic effect, but less than the amount necessary to produce a complete sensory block.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

The amount of lidocaine systemically absorbed from lidocaine patch 5% is directly related to both the duration of application and the surface area over which it is applied. In a pharmacokinetic study, three lidocaine patch 5% patches were applied over an area of 420 cm2 of intact skin on the back of normal volunteers for 12 hours. Blood samples were withdrawn for determination of lidocaine concentration during the application and for 12 hours after removal of patches. The results are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: Absorption of lidocaine from lidocaine patch 5%

Normal volunteers (n = 15, 12-hour wearing time)

Lidocaine Patch 5%

Application Site

Area

(cm2)

DoseAbsorbed (mg)

Cmax

(mcg/mL)

Tmax

(hr)

3 patches

Back

420

64 ± 32

0.13 ± 0.06

11 hr

When lidocaine patch 5% is used according to the recommended dosing instructions, only 11 ± 4% of the dose applied is expected to be absorbed. At least 82% (115 mg) of lidocaine will remain in a used patch. Mean peak blood concentration of lidocaine is about 0.13 mcg/mL (about 1/10 of the therapeutic concentration required to treat cardiac arrhythmias). Repeated application of three patches simultaneously for 12 hours (recommended maximum daily dose), once per day for three days, indicated that the lidocaine concentration does not increase with daily use. The mean plasma pharmacokinetic profile for the 15 healthy volunteers is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1:

Mean lidocaine blood concentrations after three consecutive daily applications of three lidocaine patch 5% patches simultaneously for 12 hours per day in healthy volunteers (n = 15).

Figure 1 Mean lidocaine blood concentrations after three consecutive daily applications of three lidocaine patch 5% patches simultaneously for 12 hours per day in healthy volunteers (n = 15).
(click image for full-size original)

Distribution

When lidocaine is administered intravenously to healthy volunteers, the volume of distribution is 0.7 to 2.7 L/kg (mean 1.5 ± 0.6 SD, n = 15). At concentrations produced by application of lidocaine patch 5%, lidocaine is approximately 70% bound to plasma proteins, primarily alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. At much higher plasma concentrations (1 to 4 mcg/mL of free base), the plasma protein binding of lidocaine is concentration dependent. Lidocaine crosses the placental and blood brain barriers, presumably by passive diffusion.

Metabolism

It is not known if lidocaine is metabolized in the skin. Lidocaine is metabolized rapidly by the liver to a number of metabolites, including monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) and glycinexylidide (GX), both of which have pharmacologic activity similar to, but less potent than that of lidocaine. A minor metabolite, 2,6-xylidine, has unknown pharmacologic activity but is carcinogenic in rats. The blood concentration of this metabolite is negligible following application of lidocaine patch 5%. Following intravenous administration, MEGX and GX concentrations in serum range from 11 to 36% and from 5 to 11% of lidocaine concentrations, respectively.

Excretion

Lidocaine and its metabolites are excreted by the kidneys. Less than 10% of lidocaine is excreted unchanged. The half-life of lidocaine elimination from the plasma following IV administration is 81 to 149 minutes (mean 107 ± 22 SD, n = 15). The systemic clearance is 0.33 to 0.90 L/min (mean 0.64 ± 0.18 SD, n = 15).

CLINICAL STUDIES

Single-dose treatment with lidocaine patch 5% was compared to treatment with vehicle patch (without lidocaine), and to no treatment (observation only) in a double-blind, crossover clinical trial with 35 post-herpetic neuralgia patients. Pain intensity and pain relief scores were evaluated periodically for 12 hours. Lidocaine patch 5% performed statistically better than vehicle patch in terms of pain intensity from 4 to 12 hours.

Multiple-dose, two-week treatment with lidocaine patch 5% was compared to vehicle patch (without lidocaine) in a double-blind, crossover clinical trial of withdrawal-type design conducted in 32 patients, who were considered as responders to the open-label use of lidocaine patch 5% prior to the study. The constant type of pain was evaluated but not the pain induced by sensory stimuli (dysesthesia). Statistically significant differences favoring lidocaine patch 5% were observed in terms of time to exit from the trial (14 versus 3.8 days at p-value < 0.001), daily average pain relief, and patient’s preference of treatment. About half of the patients also took oral medication commonly used in the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia. The extent of use of concomitant medication was similar in the two treatment groups.

INDICATION AND USAGE

Lidocaine patch 5% is indicated for relief of pain associated with post-herpetic neuralgia. It should be applied only to intact skin.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Lidocaine patch 5% is contraindicated in patients with a known history of sensitivity to local anesthetics of the amide type, or to any other component of the product.

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